## Background reading

These works were retained in the earlier anchor list but are not cited in the manuscript body. They are separated here without inventing an influence on the project or adding citations merely to retain them.

- Allentoft, M. E., et al. 2024. "100 Ancient Genomes Show Repeated Population Turnovers in Neolithic Denmark." *Nature* 625: 329–337.

- Belich, J. 2009. *Replenishing the Earth: The Settler Revolution and the Rise of the Anglo-World, 1783–1939*. Oxford University Press.

- Brace, S., et al. 2019. "Ancient Genomes Indicate Population Replacement in Early Neolithic Britain." *Nature Ecology & Evolution* 3: 765–771.

- Bulutgil, H. Z. 2016. *The Roots of Ethnic Cleansing in Europe*. Cambridge University Press.

- Cavanagh, E., and L. Veracini, eds. 2017. *The Routledge Handbook of the History of Settler Colonialism*. Routledge.

- Fieldhouse, D. K. 1966. *The Colonial Empires: A Comparative Survey from the Eighteenth Century*. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

- Hubert, L., and P. Arabie. 1985. "Comparing Partitions." *Journal of Classification* 2: 193–218.

- Lipson, M., et al. 2018. "Ancient Genomes Document Multiple Waves of Migration in Southeast Asian Prehistory." *Science* 361: 92–95.

- Olalde, I., et al. 2018. "The Beaker Phenomenon and the Genomic Transformation of Northwest Europe." *Nature* 555: 190–196.

- Osterhammel, J. 2005. *Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview*. 2nd ed. Markus Wiener.

- Posth, C., et al. 2018. "Language Continuity despite Population Replacement in Remote Oceania." *Nature Ecology & Evolution* 2: 731–740.

- Rousseeuw, P. J. 1987. "Silhouettes: A Graphical Aid to the Interpretation and Validation of Cluster Analysis." *Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics* 20: 53–65.

- Seymour, D. J., ed. 2012. *From the Land of Ever Winter to the American Southwest: Athapaskan Migrations, Mobility, and Ethnogenesis*. University of Utah Press.

- Sokoloff, K. L., and S. L. Engerman. 2000. "Institutions, Factor Endowments, and Paths of Development in the New World." *Journal of Economic Perspectives* 14 (3): 217–232.