## References

Works cited in the manuscript. Bibliographic wording and edition cautions retain the prior citation-resolution review.

- Acemoglu, D., S. Johnson, and J. A. Robinson. 2001. "The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation." *American Economic Review* 91 (5): 1369–1401.

- Cohen, G. M. 2013. *The Hellenistic Settlements in the East from Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India*. University of California Press.

- Domar, E. D. 1970. "The Causes of Slavery or Serfdom: A Hypothesis." *Journal of Economic History* 30 (1): 18–32.

- Gilardi, F., M. Alizadeh, and M. Kubli. 2023. "ChatGPT Outperforms Crowd Workers for Text-Annotation Tasks." *PNAS* 120 (30): e2305016120.

- Gordillo, G. R. 2004. *Landscapes of Devils: Tensions of Place and Memory in the Argentinean Chaco*. Duke University Press.

- Haak, W., et al. 2015. "Massive Migration from the Steppe Was a Source for Indo-European Languages in Europe." *Nature* 522: 207–211.

- Hennig, C. 2007. "Cluster-Wise Assessment of Cluster Stability." *Computational Statistics & Data Analysis* 52 (1): 258–271.

- Hennig, C. 2015. "What Are the True Clusters?" *Pattern Recognition Letters* 64: 53–62.

- Horn, J. L. 1965. "A Rationale and Test for the Number of Factors in Factor Analysis." *Psychometrika* 30 (2): 179–185.

- Hu-DeHart, E. 1974. "Development and Rural Rebellion: Pacification of the Yaquis in the Late Porfiriato." *Hispanic American Historical Review* 54 (1): 72–93.

- Lemkin, R. 1944. *Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress*. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

- Maier, C. S. 2016. *Once Within Borders: Territories of Power, Wealth, and Belonging since 1500*. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

- Malhi, R. S., et al. 2008. "Distribution of Y Chromosomes among Native North Americans: A Study of Athapaskan Population History." *American Journal of Physical Anthropology* 137 (4): 412–424. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20883.

- Mann, M. 2005. *The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing*. Cambridge University Press.

- Naimark, N. M. 2001. *Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe*. Harvard University Press.

- Nieboer, H. J. 1900. *Slavery as an Industrial System: Ethnological Researches*. Martinus Nijhoff.

- Oded, B. 1979. *Mass Deportations and Deportees in the Neo-Assyrian Empire*. Reichert.

- Olalde, I., et al. 2019. "The Genomic History of the Iberian Peninsula over the Past 8000 Years." *Science* 363: 1230–1234.

- Polian, P. 2004. *Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR*. CEU Press.

- Reich, D. 2018. *Who We Are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past*. Pantheon.

- Salmon, E. T. 1969. *Roman Colonization under the Republic*. Thames & Hudson.

- Scott, J. C. 1998. *Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed*. Yale University Press.

- Tilly, C. 1990. *Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990–1990*. Blackwell.

- Veracini, L. 2010. *Settler Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview*. Palgrave Macmillan.

- Viola, L. 2007. *The Unknown Gulag: The Lost World of Stalin's Special Settlements*. Oxford University Press.

- Wolfe, P. 2006. "Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native." *Journal of Genocide Research* 8 (4): 387–409.

- Ziems, C., et al. 2024. "Can Large Language Models Transform Computational Social Science?" *Computational Linguistics* 50 (1): 237–291.
