{
  "schema": "public-discovery-list-v1",
  "version": "20261101-r64-nine-new-three-revised",
  "reviewed_on": "2026-10-14",
  "entries": [
  {
    "id": "ledger-bf4d06407eaad5238429",
    "name": "A Bugesera king flees",
    "place_and_era": "Bugesera to Rwanda. The source sets this in the late seventeenth century.",
    "attested": "The chapter says the Baganwa rose against Bugesera. King Nsoro Nyabarega had to flee to Rwanda.",
    "unknown": "It names a king, not a whole court or people in flight. The source keeps two ruler names open and says less is known of Burundi.",
    "next_step": "This is a source lead. Resolve the land or home-loss unit before any case assessment.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-492964eed37ed012f6eb",
    "name": "A chief and the rule of a district in the Udayendiram charter",
    "place_and_era": "South Asia. The text names the district as Vishnuraja. The date of the event remains unknown.",
    "attested": "The charter reports the defeat of a chief and an order to leave. It also reports Pallava rule over the district.",
    "unknown": "An order does not show that the chief left. The fate and rights of residents and the duration of rule remain unknown.",
    "next_step": "Check how the atlas shows this case with an unknown date.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-c9162029af80ddd77a4c",
    "name": "A claim of captives at site 1Pi61",
    "place_and_era": "Pickens County, Alabama. Dye places the burials in the Late Woodland period. Exact dates remain unknown.",
    "attested": "Dye reports that other researchers read the burial treatment as a sign of captives. Their view concerns people buried at this site.",
    "unknown": "Burials alone do not show where these people came from or how they reached this site. The report does not establish slave status or forced labor.",
    "next_step": "Define the captive claim and the control over people that it implies. Keep this view distinct from proof of transport.",
    "sources": [
      "https://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/51917/1/2.David%20H.%20Dye.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-f412b5bc7733732eef1c",
    "name": "A disputed model of moves into New York",
    "place_and_era": "New York and central Pennsylvania. One model placed the move around 900. A later version put it before the sixth century. Neither is an adopted event date.",
    "attested": "Keener reports a model by Snow. In it, groups moved north, fought and drove earlier residents away. He also describes a view that the people developed there. He gives evidence that changed the proposed dates.",
    "unknown": "The migration and forced moves remain disputed. Pots and village patterns do not settle who moved or why. We have not read the original debate papers.",
    "next_step": "Check the move and land claims against the cited studies and the view that people developed there.",
    "sources": [
      "https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/etd/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=osu148795159550333"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-e06ea1252e8f615db449",
    "name": "A grant in Sylhet",
    "place_and_era": "Sylhet, seventh century CE in this account. The issuer and exact year remain unnamed.",
    "attested": "The chapter describes a land gift meant to extend cultivation into a forest tract.",
    "unknown": "The forest claim does not prove that no one used the land. The exact recipients and actual effects remain unknown.",
    "next_step": "Find prior use and the effect of this grant. Keep it apart from the later Chandra grant.",
    "sources": [
      "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#s1.1.3"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-cd3539b6276001ff7328",
    "name": "A mountain town: defeat and later departure",
    "place_and_era": "North America, in the source account. The date and exact place are unknown.",
    "attested": "The 1896 English account by Cushing says warriors defeated a mountain town. They spared some people from cellars and took them into Black Corn kin. Those people later left with the southern group.",
    "unknown": "The account does not prove that these acts took place. It gives no firm date or modern site. It does not show if people had to join the later journey or lost their homes for good. Its Black people label does not set a modern racial identity.",
    "next_step": "Find evidence for the time, place and later journey. Keep the cause of that journey unknown.",
    "sources": [
      "https://archive.org/details/cu31924104094002"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-56f6cfef64a4b6e4bad2",
    "name": "A report of brief loss of rule at Pandua",
    "place_and_era": "Pandua in Bengal. Eaton gives 1353 as context for this invasion. Exact dates for the loss of rule remain unknown.",
    "attested": "Eaton reports that Firuz Tughluq drove Shams al-Din Ilyas Shah from Pandua for a time. He failed to annex Bengal.",
    "unknown": "The text does not establish removal of civilians or long-term control. The later invasion is a separate question.",
    "next_step": "Define the brief change in control at Pandua. Keep it distinct from the later invasion and from the coin traces at Chhota Pandua.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
  "id": "ledger-053a269b934ecaccbba2",
  "name": "A report of new rule in Kamata and Kamrup",
  "place_and_era": "Kamata and western Assam (Kamrup). Eaton gives 1494 as campaign context. Exact dates and bounds remain unknown.",
  "attested": "Eaton reports that Husain Shah invaded and annexed these tracts. The claim concerns a change of rule.",
  "unknown": "The report does not establish civilian removal or resettlement. The length of control remains unclear. It does not define all of modern Assam.",
  "next_step": "Define the tracts and the change in control in this report. Keep this process distinct from Tai-Ahom settlement.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.orientalnumismaticsociety.org/archive/ONS_066.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "N. G. Rhodes, “Husain Shah of Bengal and his victory over Kamata,” Oriental Numismatic Society Newsletter 66 (June 1980), PDF page 4; printed page number unverified."
  ]
},
  {
    "id": "ledger-2519205ac1002324e4a7",
    "name": "A report of the removal of Ho-Chunk in Wisconsin",
    "place_and_era": "The Wisconsin Driftless Area. The authors report removal in the 1840s. The exact dates remain unknown.",
    "attested": "Theler and Boszhardt report the removal of many Ho-Chunk. This question concerns their loss of residence.",
    "unknown": "The text leaves each affected group and its next place unclear. The agents and the separate moves remain unknown. The old records that the authors cite remain unverified here.",
    "next_step": "Define the affected tracts and the link to the broader Old Northwest case. Keep the reported removal as an open question.",
    "sources": [
      "https://doi.org/10.2307/40035360"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-8dc93550e09eb0270b7b",
    "name": "A royal report about the town of Pithumda",
    "place_and_era": "South Asia. The reported act has no fixed calendar date.",
    "attested": "A translated royal text says the king ploughed down a named town with asses.",
    "unknown": "The act and its effects remain unverified. The fate of residents, land rights and length of control are unknown.",
    "next_step": "The source assessment is saved and an atlas draft is next, with the reported act and unknown outcomes kept distinct.",
    "sources": [
      "https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/70824.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-cf7a069140f476630118",
    "name": "Abok loses rule",
    "place_and_era": "Koc. The source gives no exact date for the overthrow.",
    "attested": "Jonam traditions in the chapter say Luo under Daca overthrew Abok. Koc split into three states.",
    "unknown": "The chapter gives a political outcome. It does not establish eviction or an exact act date. A named tradition adds no second witness here.",
    "next_step": "This is a candidate for study. Resolve the unit and its limits before any case assessment.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-79bfca6542239efe613c",
    "name": "Afghan refugees received lands and towns in Bengal",
    "place_and_era": "Bengal after the defeat by Babur in 1526. That defeat is date context. Exact dates for refuge and grants remain unknown.",
    "attested": "Eaton reports that Nasir al-Din Nusrat Shah gave refuge to defeated Afghans. His cited note reports lands and towns endowed to these refugees.",
    "unknown": "The report does not name each grant or its bounds. It does not establish harm to prior residents. Modern Afghan or Pashtun labels do not identify this group.",
    "next_step": "Define the refugee group and the lands and towns in the report. Keep the grants and refuge as one open question.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-d5ca8bdb956f1ec74900",
    "name": "Afrin occupation and property loss",
    "place_and_era": "Afrin, northern Syria; from 2018",
    "attested": "Located reports concern property abuses and forced changes in the local population.",
    "unknown": "The project has not yet reviewed a bounded event in full.",
    "next_step": "Review the reports and keep other northern Syrian operations separate.",
    "sources": [
      "https://undocs.org/A/HRC/55/64",
      "https://www.kurdishpeace.org/research/human-rights/hlp-violations-and-involuntary-repatriations-facilitate-demographic-change-in-afrin/",
      "https://www.justsecurity.org/93745/confronting-forced-demographic-change-in-northern-syria-inclusive-justice-for-sustainable-peace/"
    ]
  },
  {
  "id": "ledger-50451b5df918e5c6db2e",
  "name": "Ahom loss and return of rule",
  "place_and_era": "The later Ahom realm. The account reports defeat in 1662 and a return to rule a few years later.",
  "attested": "Terwiel reports an Ahom defeat in 1662. Muslim invaders defeated them. Ahom rule resumed a few years later.",
  "unknown": "The exact tract, resident groups and interval remain unknown. The account does not establish a forced move. Later recovery does not erase the earlier loss of control.",
  "next_step": "Trace effects on residents and the extent of the changed rule. Keep this later sequence distinct from early conquests.",
  "sources": [
    "https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/1983/03/JSS_071_0g_Terwiel_AhomAndStudyOfEarlyTaiSociety.pdf",
    "https://latrian.dyndns.org/takingtheirland/#case=tai-ahom-assam"
  ]
},
  {
    "id": "ledger-583ade4b45cae4f13f23",
    "name": "Akjoujt copper-centre decline",
    "place_and_era": "Akjoujt; early historic context, decline date unknown",
    "attested": "A regional history describes the decline of this copper centre.",
    "unknown": "The end of copper work does not show that people were forced out.",
    "next_step": "Review the site layers for a cause of departure and a land outcome.",
    "sources": [
      "https://sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/archive-files3/general_history_africa_ii.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-ee51764ffe396613baa3",
    "name": "Alaungpaya-era captive removal",
    "place_and_era": "Manipur to Burma; ruler-period context before 1819, exact dates unknown",
    "attested": "The source reports captive removal and forced resettlement under the named ruler.",
    "unknown": "The short account does not settle if one program or several caused the moves.",
    "next_step": "Define the process and complete its event and overlap review.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.spaceandculture.in/index.php/spaceandculture/article/view/893"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-197318857784830a36f2",
    "name": "Ali Burghul’s control of Tripoli",
    "place_and_era": "Tripoli; source reports 1793",
    "attested": "A regional history reports entry into the city and rulers driven from power.",
    "unknown": "The text does not show that the whole family left or who supported the action.",
    "next_step": "Distinguish loss of power from removal of people.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-f3ce5e3d1f3a248cd4f1",
    "name": "Alwa and Soba pasture control",
    "place_and_era": "Alwa and Soba areas, Sudan; fifteenth-century context",
    "attested": "The source describes pasture control, new settlers and marriages between groups.",
    "unknown": "This does not yet prove a specific forced loss of land or homes.",
    "next_step": "Find a forced land process distinct from pasture use and settlement.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-bae50e3567bf500ad795",
    "name": "Amda Seyon’s Hadiya captives",
    "place_and_era": "Hadiya; medieval chronicle context, event date unknown",
    "attested": "A royal chronicle describes deaths and captives taken from Hadiya to the royal city.",
    "unknown": "The account does not show the exact destination, full affected group, or later return.",
    "next_step": "Review the links to other attacks before this becomes a separate case.",
    "sources": [
      "https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Сказание_о_походе_царя_Амда_Сиона"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-30e7d82b1cbaa218ed80",
    "name": "An order to move people to Lakhnauti",
    "place_and_era": "Near Lakhnauti in Bengal. The order dates to the reign of Jalal al-Din Khalaji. Its exact date remains unknown.",
    "attested": "Jalal al-Din Khalaji ordered boats to take people to this area, Eaton reports. He ordered them to live there, away from Delhi.",
    "unknown": "The text calls them thugs or criminals. These are its labels. Arrival and compliance with the order remain unclear.",
    "next_step": "Resolve the group and tract. Examine what the order changed in residence there. Keep the order distinct from proof of its execution.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-d2b8dd156da5fffd0934",
    "name": "Andalusi Christian deportation",
    "place_and_era": "Andalusia to Morocco; autumn 1126",
    "attested": "The sources report forced removal of Christian families and church leaders.",
    "unknown": "The sources do not prove that all Christians lost their homes or land.",
    "next_step": "This case is in the atlas; its open source questions still need review.",
    "sources": [
      "https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/ANQE/article/view/ANQE9191110163A",
      "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=151740",
      "https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2017.1334374"
    ],
    "case_url": "../../#case=medieval-almoravid-mozarab-deportation-1126"
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-407079f377796c4082e9",
    "name": "Angolan forced exile to Congo",
    "place_and_era": "Northwestern Angola to Congo; 1961",
    "attested": "The chapter says state repression forced people from northwest Angola to Congo.",
    "unknown": "Each home tract, later fate and return remain unclear.",
    "next_step": "Resolve links to other Angola cases before atlas use.",
    "sources": [
      "https://repository.out.ac.tz/410/1/Vol_8._Africa_since_1935_editor_ALI_A._MAZRU1.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
  "id": "ledger-ef5c099171ce9e9ded38",
  "name": "Attack on Awatovi and the loss of residents' homes",
  "place_and_era": "Awatovi, in present-day Arizona; Fewkes places the attack around 1700. The exact date is unknown.",
  "attested": "Fewkes records a later Hopi account of an attack on Awatovi. It reports deaths, forced travel and the division of some survivors among other villages. He also describes burned rooms that he examined.",
  "unknown": "Fewkes does not establish a death toll or the fate of each resident. Fire damage alone does not identify the attackers or date the attack. Later control of the site remains unknown.",
  "next_step": "Compare the recorded account with excavation evidence from Awatovi. Keep the reported attack separate from the date and causes that Fewkes proposed.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228657414_Perimortem_Mutilation_of_Human_Remains_in_an_Early_Village_in_the_American_Southwest_A_Case_for_Ethnic_Violence",
    "https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/public/gdcmassbookdig/archeologicalexp00fewk/archeologicalexp00fewk.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "James M. Potter and Jason P. Chuipka, Perimortem mutilation of human remains in an early village in the American Southwest: A case for ethnic violence (2010), consulted in-press copy, Awatovi comparison. Turner and Turner (1999), pp. 72–77, cited there but not directly read.",
    "Jesse Walter Fewkes, Archeological Expedition to Arizona in 1895 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1899 offprint), printed pp. 600–606. Later transmitted accounts and separate excavation observations; original-language accounts and cited manuscripts not consulted."
  ]
},
  {
    "id": "ledger-efa5e3056075740dd195",
    "name": "Awdighust conquest and local Zanata killing",
    "place_and_era": "Awdighust; within a 1054–1059 campaign account, exact attack date unknown",
    "attested": "The source says conquerors killed local Zanata residents.",
    "unknown": "The source retains later market life and does not prove death of all residents.",
    "next_step": "Review the open source questions before any further atlas change.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/118/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_3_-_africa_from_the_seventh_to_the_eleventh_century_Ivan_hrbek_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-0c32fcc031255035ed0f",
    "name": "Balbus and Garamantian towns",
    "place_and_era": "Garamantian oasis towns; ancient Roman context",
    "attested": "Pliny reports that Roman forces captured named oasis towns.",
    "unknown": "His report does not show resident removal or later land ownership.",
    "next_step": "Review links with the broader campaign before a separate atlas case.",
    "sources": [
      "https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/5*.html"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-51cd4aff3a6aa684f00f",
    "name": "Bamiléké-associated village expulsion",
    "place_and_era": "Bamum-country tract, Cameroon; tentative seventeenth-century context",
    "attested": "The sources describe village expulsion while some residents stayed and joined Bamum society.",
    "unknown": "The exact phase and its link to the kingdom conquest remain unclear.",
    "next_step": "Resolve the related events before the case assessment.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf",
      "https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers15-02/02582.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-73f106d68a56a857ccf0",
    "name": "Batwa evictions from Kahuzi-Biega",
    "place_and_era": "Kahuzi-Biega, DRC; park changes in 1970 and 1975",
    "attested": "A rights decision records eviction complaints and finds exclusion from the park contrary to state duties.",
    "unknown": "The decision does not show that its remedies brought return or restored land rights.",
    "next_step": "Review the affected groups and links with broader park evictions before atlas review.",
    "sources": [
      "https://achpr.au.int/sites/default/files/files/2025-08/communcation-588decision-eng.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-f5e8607cc53962b7d618",
    "name": "Bedde residence retreat",
    "place_and_era": "Komadugu Yobe area; gradual process, chronology unknown",
    "attested": "The author links gradual retreat from prior homes to Kanuri advance.",
    "unknown": "The dates and identity of the affected group in each source remain unclear.",
    "next_step": "Review each source and define a bounded loss of homes.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.ifao.egnet.net/anisl/16/5"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-75dfd4440f276b1bd57b",
    "name": "Bornu royal complaint of slave raids",
    "place_and_era": "Bornu; letter dated 1391, attack dates unknown",
    "attested": "The chapter reports a royal complaint of attacks and captive sales.",
    "unknown": "The attack dates, origin tracts and affected subgroups remain unclear.",
    "next_step": "Define separate attacks and their links to loss of homes.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-af68f4c257459cf37e39",
    "name": "Brahmans settle in Bengal",
    "place_and_era": "Bengal, from at least the fifth century CE in this account.",
    "attested": "The chapter describes Brahman migrants and changes in farms and social life.",
    "unknown": "Prior land rights and the effects on village residents remain unknown. The Assam comparison does not establish a Bengal land loss.",
    "next_step": "Find the tract, prior rights and the effect of a bounded act.",
    "sources": [
      "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#s1.1.1"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-d60a3e1e70600358109a",
    "name": "Brooke acquisition of occupied Iban districts",
    "place_and_era": "Sarawak river districts; 1850s–1860s context, exact cession dates unresolved",
    "attested": "The source describes acquisition of occupied Iban river districts.",
    "unknown": "Formal state consent does not prove resident consent or complete village clearance.",
    "next_step": "Review the open source questions before any further atlas change.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-1d7f864b2941fba18e31",
    "name": "Brooke-era settlement in Baram and Limbang",
    "place_and_era": "Baram and Limbang, Sarawak; late nineteenth-century policy context",
    "attested": "The article says the state approved Sea Dayak and Chinese settlement in acquired districts.",
    "unknown": "The loss of land for prior residents remains unclear.",
    "next_step": "Trace the policy in practice and the prior land rights.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-08a067ea5ba42919c925",
    "name": "Brunei worker deportation",
    "place_and_era": "Brunei to Sarawak; postwar employment context, deportation date unknown",
    "attested": "The article reports government deportation of a roads worker to Sarawak.",
    "unknown": "The reason, precise home tract and later fate remain unknown.",
    "next_step": "Assess the bounded removal and its links to prior cases.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-ab215cb051294b712ab2",
    "name": "Buryat flight from Baikal",
    "place_and_era": "The author places this flight near Baikal in the 1650s to 1670s.",
    "attested": "Rubtsova reports flight from troops, loss of goods and homes, and later refuge.",
    "unknown": "The student essay retells stories with few source details. A separate event from the broad case remains unproved.",
    "next_step": "Define the flight account and its link to the current Baikal case.",
    "sources": [
      "https://pureportal.spbu.ru/files/102590710/sb_gumnauki_2022_3.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-2c06587f1ef32dcd5f64",
    "name": "Camp moves in response to raids",
    "place_and_era": "Northeast North America. Dye sets the camp moves in the late 1500s and early 1600s. The local bounds remain open.",
    "attested": "Dye links moves of summer camps from major rivers to small tributaries with raids. These are changes in where people stayed.",
    "unknown": "The source does not bound each group or river reach. It does not prove that each move was forced or final. Algonquian is a broad language label here. It does not name one Algonquin people. Dye cites work that we did not read.",
    "next_step": "Trace the groups or river reaches and the raids tied to these moves. Keep seasonal use and forced loss distinct.",
    "sources": [
      "https://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/51917/1/2.David%20H.%20Dye.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-6729be013d5b21e824b9",
    "name": "Captive clans from Niani",
    "place_and_era": "Niani to Songhay; Sonni dynasty context, event date unknown",
    "attested": "The reference work reports an account of captive clans brought from Niani.",
    "unknown": "Their prior homes and forced-transfer process remain unclear.",
    "next_step": "Trace the account and define the groups and removal process.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-0c1b42874ad597ea965f",
    "name": "Captives from Sabr al-Din’s city",
    "place_and_era": "Ifat; medieval chronicle context, event date unknown",
    "attested": "A royal chronicle reports a ruined city and survivors led away as captives.",
    "unknown": "The text does not show where they went or how long they were held.",
    "next_step": "Review shared people and actions with the other campaign episodes before atlas review.",
    "sources": [
      "https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Сказание_о_походе_царя_Амда_Сиона"
    ]
  },
  {
  "id": "ledger-a8714b97d542a08fbb4d",
  "name": "Castle Rock Pueblo attack and lost homes",
  "place_and_era": "Castle Rock Pueblo in southwestern Colorado. The report places the attack after 1274, probably in the early or mid 1280s. This is an estimate, not an exact year.",
  "attested": "Kuckelman reports violent deaths of people in their village homes. She links the attack to the end of village life. The deaths show loss of home for the residents killed there.",
  "unknown": "The attacker and the fate of survivors remain unknown. The report leaves open who set the fires. It does not show where survivors went, later land rights or permanent exclusion. Detailed bone analysis is outside this chapter.",
  "next_step": "Trace any survivors and later use of the village. Keep the local attack separate from wider moves across the region.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228657414_Perimortem_Mutilation_of_Human_Remains_in_an_Early_Village_in_the_American_Southwest_A_Case_for_Ethnic_Violence",
    "https://crowcanyon.org/ResearchReports/CastleRock/Text/crpw_finaldays"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "James M. Potter and Jason P. Chuipka, Perimortem mutilation of human remains in an early village in the American Southwest: A case for ethnic violence (2010). Accepted Castle Rock comparative window, parsed L559–602; cited Kuckelman2000/2002 underlying items were not directly consulted in that earlier reading.",
    "Kristin A. Kuckelman, The Final Days of Castle Rock Pueblo, paragraphs 1–10 and terminal analysis footnote. Crow Canyon Archaeological Center."
  ]
},
  {
    "id": "ledger-7495c9c635b310a31e41",
    "name": "Cave 7 burial and violence question",
    "place_and_era": "Cave 7; Basketmaker II context, event date unknown",
    "attested": "A later study rejects a single-event massacre and discusses violence and selective burial.",
    "unknown": "The conclusion does not show a defined land or home loss, or prove that nothing happened.",
    "next_step": "Keep the lead open and seek a new residence question beyond this closed source review.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228657414_Perimortem_Mutilation_of_Human_Remains_in_an_Early_Village_in_the_American_Southwest_A_Case_for_Ethnic_Violence"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-e8e3db2275353d5e77ff",
    "name": "Central Plains and Middle Missouri movement",
    "place_and_era": "Central Plains and Middle Missouri; occupation-phase context, event date unknown",
    "attested": "A state site guide describes moves into the valley that displaced earlier groups.",
    "unknown": "The text does not show one defined removal or the fate of a specific occupied tract.",
    "next_step": "Identify a specific process and group without one event guessed from the regional pattern.",
    "sources": [
      "https://history.sd.gov/docs/Educational%20Series%208.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
  "id": "ledger-68b856e66cb6741d7e43",
  "name": "Chandra grants in Sylhet",
  "place_and_era": "Sylhet, tenth century CE. Sircar places Sricandra's charter at about 930 CE. This date is an estimate.",
  "attested": "Eaton reports land grants and settlement. Sircar describes land and revenue rights granted to religious bodies and Brahmans. The charter directs cultivators to pay the recipients. It excludes Buddhist holdings and land attached to a boat station.",
  "unknown": "The charter does not show who enforced the change or whether cultivators lost earlier rights. The stated number of beneficiaries is not a count of arrivals or displaced people.",
  "next_step": "Trace the earlier rights and the effects of the transfer. Keep the stated settlement and the excluded holdings in view.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#s1.1.3",
    "https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/71509.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Richard M. Eaton, The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760, chapter 1, “Before the Turkish Conquest,” archive section s1.1.3 and note 54; printed pagination unverified.",
    "D. C. Sircar, Epigraphic Discoveries in East Pakistan (1973), Lecture II, “Paschimbhag Plate of Sricandra, Regnal Year 5,” printed pages 19–40 (PDF pages 36–57); consulted edition discussion, not independently verified inscription transcription."
  ]
},
  {
    "id": "ledger-ffae1cf45d398b3dda1f",
    "name": "Chilula and Wiyot land question",
    "place_and_era": "Lower Mad River near Blue Lake, California; local date unknown",
    "attested": "Golla reports encroachment on Wiyot land by Chilula groups. He says the language boundary moved west.",
    "unknown": "The local effect on homes or land control is unknown. How the wider account of land loss fits this place is unknown.",
    "next_step": "Find what the local encroachment changed in land use or control.",
    "sources": [
      "https://content.ucpress.edu/title/9780520266674/9780520266674_intro.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-c8a70b64f386ecf73ecc",
    "name": "Clans and shrines in Busoga",
    "place_and_era": "Busoga. The source gives several paths to rule, not one act date.",
    "attested": "The chapter says Owiny and Wakoli became clans in power. Some migrants took over shrines and founded states. Marriage and old rites also shaped this process.",
    "unknown": "The units and land effects remain unclear. A new clan in power does not itself prove that residents lost homes or all left.",
    "next_step": "This is a source lead. Resolve the land or home-loss unit before any case assessment.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-72c324448807cad835b2",
    "name": "Coins and a question of Deva rule in Bengal",
    "place_and_era": "The south and east Bengal delta. The text and note give different date contexts. Exact dates for a change of rule remain unknown.",
    "attested": "Eaton uses coins to trace brief Deva rule and a return of sultanate rule. Mint names and place names remain disputed.",
    "unknown": "These traces leave the process and tract unclear. Chhota Pandua and Hazrat Pandua are distinct places. The report does not establish moves by residents.",
    "next_step": "Resolve which tract and change in rule these traces support. Coin evidence can support a case when it bounds the process.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-f976149f2cf4d97edbe1",
    "name": "Contested use at Mulberry Creek",
    "place_and_era": "Mulberry Creek in northwest Alabama. Dye places the site in the late Middle Archaic. Exact dates for the dispute remain unknown.",
    "attested": "Dye reports a dispute over shellfish, tool manufacture, and burial use at this site. He links the burial evidence to raids and feuds.",
    "unknown": "The account does not establish who lost access to the site or homes there. A dispute alone does not show a change in control.",
    "next_step": "Define the disputed uses and any change in access or control at this site.",
    "sources": [
      "https://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/51917/1/2.David%20H.%20Dye.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-853f4d15a2b2b6350371",
    "name": "Cottonwood Wash archaeological comparison",
    "place_and_era": "Cottonwood Wash; early Pueblo I context, event date unknown",
    "attested": "An article cites this site among examples discussed in relation to violence.",
    "unknown": "The reviewed text does not show forced departure or a land outcome here.",
    "next_step": "Review the cited site evidence for a specific process that affected homes.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228657414_Perimortem_Mutilation_of_Human_Remains_in_an_Early_Village_in_the_American_Southwest_A_Case_for_Ethnic_Violence"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-1550521198eaa4ff44fb",
    "name": "Court grants of farmland",
    "place_and_era": "Northern and western Bengal, tenth to twelfth centuries in this account.",
    "attested": "The chapter describes royal grants of fields to Brahmans with court ties. It notes a different pattern in Samatata.",
    "unknown": "Prior rights and effects on residents remain unknown. This group of grants can overlap with the named gift and western tax grants.",
    "next_step": "Find which rights changed and how. Link the related grants to avoid a double count.",
    "sources": [
      "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#s1.1.2"
    ]
  },
  {
      "id": "ledger-026750d0c4180cf51c29",
      "name": "Crow Creek attack and residence loss",
      "place_and_era": "Crow Creek. The source places village life in the 1300s. The date of the attack remains unknown.",
      "attested": "Willey describes an attack at Crow Creek. He links burned lodges to the loss of village life, homes and defense. He considers that some people escaped. He proposes that escaped villagers returned, or people with ties to them came, to bury the dead. He also reports later ceremonies at the site.",
      "unknown": "The attackers and the fates of all survivors remain unknown. Willey does not fix the dates of each fire or prove later village residence. He gives two possible causes for the upper bone layer. The detailed methods behind his summaries remain unread.",
      "next_step": "Keep this source account with the same Crow Creek record. Retain the unknown fire dates, later village use and survivor destinations.",
      "sources": [
        "https://history.sd.gov/docs/Educational%20Series%208.pdf",
        "https://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/51917/1/2.David%20H.%20Dye.pdf",
        "https://trace.tennessee.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/48095d4b-ae65-4731-b3c2-94b10a78cf79/content"
      ]
    },
  {
    "id": "ledger-51cb6252a7af835bf828",
    "name": "Daur removal from the Amur",
    "place_and_era": "Amur region and Nonni valley; source reports 1653–1654",
    "attested": "A book reports a state order to destroy homes and crops, then Daur flight to the Nonni valley.",
    "unknown": "The text does not show if all ordered fires occurred or which homes they affected.",
    "next_step": "Review how this removal relates to other Amur histories before a separate atlas case.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.mongoloved.ru/images/public/Tsybenov.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
  "id": "ledger-2e2e05a226803d2d31f1",
  "name": "Denbigh change: did people have to leave?",
  "place_and_era": "Alaska, near the Bering Sea and Arctic coasts. The source gives broad age ranges, not a firm event date.",
  "attested": "A 2018 state report says a migration with Denbigh culture displaced or replaced earlier people. It leaves that choice open.\n\nThe 1986 field report describes hearths and stone tools. Its authors interpret coastal sites as seasonal hunting camps, infer some tents, and trace some tool traits toward Choris culture. These are their interpretations of use and cultural descent. The later Cape and Canada/Greenland findings do not settle the Denbigh claim.",
  "unknown": "The complete Denbigh chapter does not establish that human action caused people to lose homes, land use, access or control. Erosion, lost collections, weak dates and uncertain tool uses limit the evidence. Two plate or beach references conflict. This source limit does not show that displacement never occurred.",
  "next_step": "The Denbigh chapter, figures and plates are now read and checked. Keep the question open. Seek evidence that links a human act to loss of homes, land use, access or control. The separate Oxford chapter remains unread because access is blocked.",
  "sources": [
    "https://dnr.alaska.gov/parks/oha/publications/oha173overviewofalaskaprehistory.pdf",
    "https://escholarship.org/content/qt3197t6wz/qt3197t6wz.pdf",
    "https://npshistory.com/series/archeology/20/report.pdf"
  ]
},
  {
    "id": "ledger-2d82afe540ac502c078f",
    "name": "Did these groups merge or leave?",
    "place_and_era": "Okii and Iteso-Iworopom homelands south of Apule. The source sets this near the 1820s and 1830s.",
    "attested": "The chapter says proto-Karimojong entered these homelands. They either absorbed the groups or forced them to leave.",
    "unknown": "The account leaves both outcomes open. It does not show that all people left. Drought and mixed group ties remain part of the account.",
    "next_step": "This is a candidate for study. Resolve the unit and its limits before any case assessment.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-b3b6f6e4dc7adbdfbcd9",
    "name": "Djerba taken in the source account",
    "place_and_era": "Djerba; source reports 1558, date not independently verified",
    "attested": "A regional history reports the capture of the island and states a year.",
    "unknown": "The text does not show forced departures or a verified event date.",
    "next_step": "Keep the date attributed and prepare the capture account with its limits.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-71ef6694c466a1d75c54",
    "name": "Djiganyai and Bou Khzama settlement changes",
    "place_and_era": "Dhar Néma; ancient and later occupation phases",
    "attested": "A site study describes renewed and repeated use of these settlements.",
    "unknown": "Repeated use does not show that new groups forced earlier residents off the land.",
    "next_step": "Compare the dated layers to distinguish site reuse from a specific takeover.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232873688_Dhar_Nema_from_early_agriculture_to_metallurgy_in_southeastern_Mauritania"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-570c0e382bf228cd0264",
    "name": "Dogon expulsion from Yatenga",
    "place_and_era": "Yatenga toward Bandiagara; medieval context, campaign dates unknown",
    "attested": "The reference work reports expulsion toward the cliffs.",
    "unknown": "The exact campaign, affected groups and later land outcome remain unclear.",
    "next_step": "Trace the account and define the affected tract and process.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-bf88a41b937edf53ed84",
    "name": "Driftless villages and moves to new settlements",
    "place_and_era": "The Driftless Area, with Fred Edwards and Hartley Fort, and later sites at Apple River and Red Wing. Around 950 to 1200 CE is source context. The time of a specific human process remains unknown.",
    "attested": "The authors propose that scarce deer and wood led people to leave. They describe walled villages and suggest that groups later joined at new sites. They favor war as part of this change.",
    "unknown": "The text leaves open how people moved and how land use or control changed. The figures and table layouts remain unread. The links between named cultures are the authors' views.",
    "next_step": "Keep this as a research lead. Define a human process and its effect on residence or land control. A tract can bound the inquiry.",
    "sources": [
      "https://doi.org/10.2307/40035360"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-5e5f28efd97453ac965d",
    "name": "Duckfoot: burned homes and departure",
    "place_and_era": "Southwest North America. The reports suggest departure by about 880 CE. They do not date a forced move.",
    "attested": "The reports link burned roofs to the end of use of the site. The author argues that someone burned the homes on purpose. He proposes that residents did this, then left with no plan to return.",
    "unknown": "The cause remains unresolved. The report considers disease, famine and violence. It does not establish forced departure or new control of land.",
    "next_step": "Find evidence that links the end of residence to a forced move or loss of land.",
    "sources": [
      "https://crowcanyon.org/resources/the-duckfoot-site-volume-1-descriptive-archaeology/",
      "https://uapress.arizona.edu/book/the-duckfoot-site-vol-2"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-0945494b8217f01288a7",
    "name": "Dunkula seizure and royal flight",
    "place_and_era": "Dunkula to al-Daw, Sudan; 1365–1366",
    "attested": "The chapter reports new control of the city and flight of the king.",
    "unknown": "Other resident fates and the extent of destruction remain unclear.",
    "next_step": "Review the open source questions before any further atlas change.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-5be947b9ffb7c36e6283",
    "name": "Dâô and Nindien land seizure",
    "place_and_era": "Dâô and Nindien, New Caledonia; decree dated 1899",
    "attested": "A study reports seizure of land and part of a reservation.",
    "unknown": "The account does not show that residents left or identify the full affected group.",
    "next_step": "Define the seized tract and its links with other cases before atlas review.",
    "sources": [
      "https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n3918/pdf/ch03.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-9484575b95c8d9700538",
    "name": "Earlier retaliation in Ifat",
    "place_and_era": "Ifat; medieval chronicle context, event date unknown",
    "attested": "A royal speech recounts an earlier raid, burned towns, and captives.",
    "unknown": "The text does not show that these captives left the area or where they went.",
    "next_step": "Keep this raid distinct and check its links with the later campaign.",
    "sources": [
      "https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Сказание_о_походе_царя_Амда_Сиона"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-c425773022f24d680dff",
    "name": "Earlier Taranaki pressure and southward residence",
    "place_and_era": "Taranaki and southern North Island; 1820s",
    "attested": "The sources describe war pressure and southward moves before the later atlas case.",
    "unknown": "The force behind each early move and the links to later migrants remain unclear.",
    "next_step": "Review each early move and link it to the narrower departure case.",
    "sources": [
      "https://teara.govt.nz/en/chatham-islands/print",
      "https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1t59/te-puoho-o-te-rangi"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-2d429cd16b8cf36de0eb",
    "name": "Early Ahom conquest in the valley",
    "place_and_era": "A small part of the Brahmaputra Valley. The account places this act at the start of the thirteenth century.",
    "attested": "Terwiel reports an early Ahom conquest. Newcomers who spoke Tai took control of a small part of the valley.",
    "unknown": "The earlier residents and exact bounds remain unknown. The account does not establish a forced move. A separate event from the broad Ahom account is not established.",
    "next_step": "Add the early control report to the current Ahom case. Define how this conquest relates to the longer account. Keep later conquests separate.",
    "sources": [
      "https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/1983/03/JSS_071_0g_Terwiel_AhomAndStudyOfEarlyTaiSociety.pdf",
      "https://latrian.dyndns.org/takingtheirland/#case=tai-ahom-assam"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-345b67cad5df34458bd6",
    "name": "Early settlement in the Hadley and McCraney valleys",
    "place_and_era": "Western Illinois; occupation context about 600 to 1000 CE, event dates unknown",
    "attested": "The report locates occupied sites and describes possible repeated use.",
    "unknown": "The report does not show forced departure, land loss or who lived at each site.",
    "next_step": "Find evidence of a forced departure from a defined place or the loss of land rights.",
    "sources": [
      "https://uofi.box.com/v/RR14-Hadley-McCraney-Creek"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-b8f8a6b29eaaf2303ea4",
    "name": "Elara takes the realm",
    "place_and_era": "Sri Lanka. The account gives no firm calendar date.",
    "attested": "The chronicle says Elara came from the Cola country and took the realm from Asela. It calls his rule just.",
    "unknown": "The account does not show who left their homes or lost rights to land. The wider effects on residents are unknown.",
    "next_step": "Assess this reported takeover as a distinct case. Keep its just rule and unknown resident outcomes in view.",
    "sources": [
      "https://archive.org/details/mahavamsagreatch00geigrich"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-15f2fa2bb4c1bf7d3d80",
    "name": "Enslaved people recruited to serve in Bengal",
    "place_and_era": "Bengal. Eaton places recruitment in the 1460s and 1470s. Exact arrival dates and sites remain unknown.",
    "attested": "Eaton reports that Bengal rulers recruited or imported enslaved people from East Africa. They were to serve in army and state posts. His source uses the label habashi.",
    "unknown": "Their exact origins and routes remain unclear. The report does not establish land grants or long-term homes. Modern ethnic labels do not resolve their identity.",
    "next_step": "Define this group and its link to the wider Indian Ocean slave routes. Keep any shared people or journeys unresolved.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-603571464b315ed3e6ef",
    "name": "Epi land acquisition and exclusion",
    "place_and_era": "Epi, Vanuatu; from 1882, event bounds unresolved",
    "attested": "The source describes land claims, disputed vendors and exclusion.",
    "unknown": "The link to the prior Vanuatu case remains unclear.",
    "next_step": "Compare the affected plots and processes before a separate event.",
    "sources": [
      "https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n2414/html/ch11.xhtml?page=17&referer="
    ]
  },
  {
  "id": "ledger-b4f74d9fd59a33f27859",
  "name": "Erie village and fort losses",
  "place_and_era": "The source reports an Erie village lost in 1654. It reports a fort lost in 1655 in a separate entry. The body gives a wider context from 1654 to 1656.",
  "attested": "Keener reports a village and a fort destroyed in separate entries. The figure is a dramatization of the fort assault.",
  "unknown": "The village and fort are not proved to be one event. Later use and the fate of all Erie people remain open.",
  "next_step": "Keep the village and fort legs separate in later work.",
  "sources": [
    "https://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/51917/1/2.David%20H.%20Dye.pdf",
    "https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/etd/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=osu148795159550333"
  ]
},
  {
    "id": "ledger-232e8ee950f48d00d82b",
    "name": "Ezana’s reported Noba campaign",
    "place_and_era": "Source-named Takkaze, Seda and Kasu corridor; fourth-century context, campaign date unknown",
    "attested": "The royal text reports battle, flight, capture and destruction of towns and stores.",
    "unknown": "The modern town sites and all resident fates remain unclear.",
    "next_step": "Review the open source questions before any further atlas change.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-4dd448058b05babf0162",
    "name": "Failed escape near Kyakhta",
    "place_and_era": "The story concerns flight from Mongolia and pursuit near Kyakhta, with no clear date.",
    "attested": "Rubtsova reports that a force defeated the group led by Khachinov and sent it back.",
    "unknown": "The student essay gives no clear source for this story. Its link to other flight stories remains unknown.",
    "next_step": "Define the forced return and its relation to the other accounts.",
    "sources": [
      "https://pureportal.spbu.ru/files/102590710/sb_gumnauki_2022_3.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-95ad6805adb4e1206488",
    "name": "Fields and states in the middle Ganges",
    "place_and_era": "Middle Ganges, mainly in the first millennium BCE in this account.",
    "attested": "The chapter describes migrants, local farmers and new fields. It links these changes to new states and warfare.",
    "unknown": "The chapter gives no bounded loss of land or forced move here. Migration and local change alone do not prove such a loss.",
    "next_step": "Find a bounded act and its effect on land rights or homes.",
    "sources": [
      "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#d0e788"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-af08d911361d5a4c1759",
    "name": "Fiji farm and home losses",
    "place_and_era": "Fiji; losses reported in 2000, complete event dates unknown",
    "attested": "The source reports some farm tenants lost homes and crops.",
    "unknown": "Lease expiry does not prove that all departures were forced.",
    "next_step": "Resolve the links to other Fiji cases before atlas use.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/fiji-islands-immigration-emigration",
      "https://minorityrights.org/communities/indo-fijians/",
      "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242272870_ALTA_and_expiring_land_leases_Fijian_farmers'_perceptions_of_their_future"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-15937b615f9e48843d72",
    "name": "Flight from Tekidi",
    "place_and_era": "Tekidi to Pakwac-Pawir. The source says this was around 1560, with no firm act date.",
    "attested": "The chapter says Lotuho overran Tekidi. Most residents and King Owiny Rac Koma fled. It names an oral Luo tradition.",
    "unknown": "The two accounts overlap. They do not prove that all residents left. The exact date and later group ties remain unknown.",
    "next_step": "This is a candidate for study. Resolve the unit and its limits before any case assessment.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-81f138537541c07061cf",
    "name": "Florida mission destruction and dispersal",
    "place_and_era": "Florida mission communities; 1702–1706",
    "attested": "The sources describe attacks, slavery and flight from named mission communities.",
    "unknown": "This does not prove an empty peninsula or the loss of every earlier community.",
    "next_step": "The case is prepared; it still needs checks before it goes live.",
    "sources": [
      "https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol46/iss4/6/",
      "https://dos.fl.gov/florida-facts/kids/seminole-history/",
      "https://stofthpo.com/seminole-history/",
      "https://www.nps.gov/casa/learn/historyculture/timucua.htm",
      "https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/UF/E0/04/57/88/00001/REIGELSPERGER_D.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-bdf2edbb86019d858dad",
    "name": "French wartime land confiscation in Tahiti",
    "place_and_era": "Tahiti; 1844–1847",
    "attested": "The sources describe land seizures without pay and wartime land confiscation.",
    "unknown": "The affected plots, owners and later restitution remain unclear.",
    "next_step": "Trace named plots and distinguish each seizure phase from later land rules.",
    "sources": [
      "https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_6/b_fdi_33-34/37699.pdf",
      "https://anaite.upf.pf/s/anaite/media/51582"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-8c248a942e26330a25ea",
    "name": "Gao Liangcheng’s estate and local displacement",
    "place_and_era": "Shisangnong, Mouzhou and western Weichu; medieval context, displacement dates unknown",
    "attested": "The scholarship links refugee land grants and estate growth with flight of local opponents.",
    "unknown": "This does not prove removal of all uplanders or a modern identity for those opponents.",
    "next_step": "Review the open source questions before any further atlas change.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-southeast-asian-studies/article/buddhist-kingship-and-governance-in-the-dali-kingdom-1140s-to-1200/CBAB43963316CEE8E42CA0F54837DAD9"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-1b81a93fe8abb33690df",
    "name": "Gisaka takes land",
    "place_and_era": "Buganza and Bwanacyambwe. The source places this loss of rule in the mid-sixteenth century. The act date is not firm.",
    "attested": "The chapter says Gisaka took this land from Rwanda. Rwanda took it back about a century later. This is one chain of loss and return.",
    "unknown": "The exact bounds and residents remain unclear. Royal flight does not prove that all subjects left. Later recapture belongs to this same chain.",
    "next_step": "This is a candidate for study. Resolve the unit and its limits before any case assessment.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-43028278df12e5fc4131",
    "name": "Gradual return in 1917",
    "place_and_era": "Central Asia; first half of 1917",
    "attested": "A study describes gradual return in the first half of the stated year.",
    "unknown": "Return does not show restored property, safe settlement, or return of the whole displaced group.",
    "next_step": "Trace who returned and what happened to their earlier homes and land.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-0a398a9259618ec08122",
    "name": "Hausa and Gobirawa displacement from Aïr",
    "place_and_era": "Aïr toward Adar and Gobir; fourteenth–fifteenth-century context",
    "attested": "The reference work describes conquest that pushed residents southward.",
    "unknown": "The separate campaigns and affected groups remain unclear.",
    "next_step": "Trace the sources and bound the removal and destination processes.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-d90c03951caccf63c1de",
    "name": "Hoamoal forced residential relocation",
    "place_and_era": "West Seram and unnamed nearby islands; war-end context, exact move dates unknown",
    "attested": "The source describes forced moves to places of closer VOC control.",
    "unknown": "The exact islands, destinations and later resident fates remain unclear.",
    "next_step": "Review the open source questions before any further atlas change.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-b75c3f0d1b56e37c5904",
    "name": "Homes in larger groups in the Middle Woodland period",
    "place_and_era": "Parts of eastern North America. Dye gives the fifth and sixth centuries AD as context. Exact dates for local moves remain unknown.",
    "attested": "Dye describes a rise in larger groups of homes. He offers access to resources and defense as possible causes.",
    "unknown": "The account does not define a local forced move or loss of land. The Peter enclosure is a separate question.",
    "next_step": "Define the local tracts and the change in homes or land use. Keep the possible causes distinct.",
    "sources": [
      "https://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/51917/1/2.David%20H.%20Dye.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-8f6dfe07ea02c24880f4",
    "name": "Houaïlou captive women",
    "place_and_era": "New Caledonia; 1878 reports",
    "attested": "A study reports captive women removed from their homes and assigned to east-coast auxiliaries.",
    "unknown": "The sources do not show all destinations, conditions, or the fate of captured children.",
    "next_step": "Define the separate groups and transfers without guessed routes.",
    "sources": [
      "https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n3918/pdf/ch01.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-364f3e4fb5201132b93b",
    "name": "Houaïlou flight and Bourail refuge",
    "place_and_era": "Houaïlou and Bourail, New Caledonia; 1867–1868 context",
    "attested": "A study describes destroyed homes, forced flight from the valley, and refuge near Bourail.",
    "unknown": "The account does not show where each refugee went or if they returned.",
    "next_step": "Review shared people and phases with earlier campaign cases before a separate case.",
    "sources": [
      "https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n3918/pdf/ch01.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-cadfdc754db8dc46d668",
    "name": "How did Bunyoro lose pasture?",
    "place_and_era": "Bunyoro and Buganda. The source gives a span from 1760 to 1783.",
    "attested": "The chapter says Bunyoro lost good land for herds to Buganda. It does not say all herders left.",
    "unknown": "It does not name the tract or say all herders left. This loss can overlap the named Buganda seizures.",
    "next_step": "This is a source lead. Resolve the land or home-loss unit before any case assessment.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-314a92e5e45f87b03695",
    "name": "How did Paluoland lose its rule?",
    "place_and_era": "Paluoland and Pawir. The source links incorporation to Isana and gives a broad reign range.",
    "attested": "Bunyoro placed the Pawir chieflets under a chief. Paluoland lost its limited self-rule. Some Paluo left after lost status or persecution.",
    "unknown": "Some is not all. The time and cause of each move remain unclear. Later Paluo states also kept some local hereditary leaders.",
    "next_step": "This is a candidate for study. Resolve the unit and its limits before any case assessment.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
  "id": "ledger-4e10ef512e4e8e4f0943",
  "name": "Huron and Petun losses at separate towns",
  "place_and_era": "The source reports Huron town losses in 1648 and 1649. It reports a separate Tobacco village loss. That entry dates the loss to 1651.",
  "attested": "Keener reports that Huron towns were taken or destroyed. A separate entry reports a Tobacco village destroyed and people captured.",
  "unknown": "These acts do not fix the fate of all Huron and Petun people. The town losses and later captive roles remain distinct.",
  "next_step": "Keep each Huron and Petun leg separate. Trace later homes and land use for each leg.",
  "sources": [
    "https://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/51917/1/2.David%20H.%20Dye.pdf",
    "https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/etd/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=osu148795159550333"
  ]
},
  {
    "id": "ledger-f6bb8bcd374c0660256c",
    "name": "Imatkha herd loss and settlement",
    "place_and_era": "Imatkha, North Asia; date unknown",
    "attested": "Jochelson reports herd loss to unnamed enemies followed by settlement at this place.",
    "unknown": "The account does not show a defined land seizure or forced removal.",
    "next_step": "Identify the earlier home and cause of the move before a case is admitted.",
    "sources": [
      "https://bolt-dev.dh-north.org/files/dhn-pdf/jochkoryak.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-a14557a669ec535aa9d4",
    "name": "Injuries and raids at Windover",
    "place_and_era": "Windover in east-central Florida. Dye gives about 6000 to 5000 BC as site context. Exact dates for raids remain unknown.",
    "attested": "Dye reports injuries at this site. He reads their pattern as signs of repeated raids or early feuds.",
    "unknown": "The account does not identify a loss of land use or homes. The injuries do not establish such a loss.",
    "next_step": "Examine any link between the raids and changes in use of the site or homes.",
    "sources": [
      "https://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/51917/1/2.David%20H.%20Dye.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-4b635a5955b4612edf37",
    "name": "Ivolga destruction and residence loss",
    "place_and_era": "Ivolga, Transbaikalia; Xiongnu-period context, destruction date unknown",
    "attested": "The author says a military attack destroyed the site and life there did not resume.",
    "unknown": "The attackers and later resident fates remain unknown.",
    "next_step": "Review the open source questions before any further atlas change.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-1a93fb86122eed3d545a",
    "name": "Jebel Sahaba: traces of violence and an open land question",
    "place_and_era": "East Africa, in the Nile valley at Jebel Sahaba. The site belongs to the late ice age. No event date is known.",
    "attested": "The study reports wounds from weapons and evidence of repeated violence.",
    "unknown": "This evidence does not establish lost homes, forced flight or a change in control of land.",
    "next_step": "Find evidence that links the violence to lost homes or land control.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89386-y"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-afb11130c612470c2483",
    "name": "Jinshan residents moved to Shandong",
    "place_and_era": "Jinshan and Shandong; source reports a 1295 regnal year",
    "attested": "A state annal reports residents moved to Shandong with land, cattle, and seed.",
    "unknown": "The text does not record consent, means of force, or a verified Altai origin.",
    "next_step": "Review the place and population links before a separate atlas case.",
    "sources": [
      "https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/元史/卷018"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-4e09183a3b9afaf4955b",
    "name": "Junju takes Buddu",
    "place_and_era": "Buddu. The source places Junju and Kamanya within one broad span.",
    "attested": "The chapter says Junju annexed Buddu. This reports a change in control of a named tract.",
    "unknown": "The act date and local land rights remain unknown. The source does not say that households left. Kooki tribute is a separate claim.",
    "next_step": "This is a candidate for study. Resolve the unit and its limits before any case assessment.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-570071662c3b6822a8d6",
    "name": "Kalaka tale of capture and rule",
    "place_and_era": "Ujjain and Malwa. The tale has no known date.",
    "attested": "Puri relates a Jaina tale. A king abducts the sister of Kalaka. Saka forces then attack and capture the king. The tale also describes later changes in rule.",
    "unknown": "This is a tale with several acts. The chapter does not establish that each act took place. It does not trace one group through all the acts.",
    "next_step": "Assess the distinct acts in the tale and their land or residence effects. Keep its genre and unknown date clear.",
    "sources": [
      "https://apnaorg.com/books/english/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-f6e92810000e36401439",
    "name": "Kasakudi village grant",
    "place_and_era": "Kodukolli, southern India; regnal year stated, calendar date unknown",
    "attested": "The translated charter says former owners lost land rights under a royal grant that excluded farmers' homes and earlier religious grants.",
    "unknown": "The source does not establish eviction, all rights lost or who held the land later.",
    "next_step": "Review the open source questions before this account can enter the atlas.",
    "sources": [
      "https://archive.org/download/india.history.resource.335/335_djvu.txt"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-c1dc94dbb1e1ea61b3e4",
    "name": "Kayrawan taken in 1557",
    "place_and_era": "Kayrawan; source reports 1557",
    "attested": "A regional history reports the capture of the city in the stated year.",
    "unknown": "The text does not show forced departures, deaths, or long-term property loss.",
    "next_step": "Prepare the accepted control transfer without added population effects.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-6f07139a0408c640a780",
    "name": "Khongodor flight and new homes",
    "place_and_era": "The accounts name Mongolia. They also name the Irkut, Kitoy and Alar valleys.",
    "attested": "Rubtsova reports flight, pursuit, loss of herds and later homes in these valleys.",
    "unknown": "The student essay gives varied stories, with no clear date, single route or separate event.",
    "next_step": "Define each account and its links to the broad Baikal case.",
    "sources": [
      "https://pureportal.spbu.ru/files/102590710/sb_gumnauki_2022_3.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-7f81935d65b65afe4d1b",
    "name": "Khori moves and land release",
    "place_and_era": "The account places moves to the Agin steppes in the eighteenth century.",
    "attested": "Rubtsova reports state orders for guard duty and land release, with moves by some Khori.",
    "unknown": "The student essay does not match each move to its stated purpose. Exact dates remain unknown.",
    "next_step": "Define the ordered moves and their link to land release in the broad Baikal case.",
    "sources": [
      "https://pureportal.spbu.ru/files/102590710/sb_gumnauki_2022_3.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-bf6081827c43a9e9abef",
    "name": "Kibse smith settlement by command",
    "place_and_era": "Yatenga; date unknown",
    "attested": "The local account says authority placed smiths from nearby villages in other villages.",
    "unknown": "The words do not prove forced moves or loss of prior homes.",
    "next_step": "Resolve the origin groups, order, consent and land outcome.",
    "sources": [
      "https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_7/autrepart/010012975.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-9ed252e333af04a1af85",
    "name": "Kluiyu residents dispersed",
    "place_and_era": "Kluiyu, Kitsumkalum Lake, and Nass River; date unknown",
    "attested": "A recorded story reports revenge that drove residents from their settlement.",
    "unknown": "The text does not show modern descent, all resident fates, permanent land loss, or later return.",
    "next_step": "Prepare the departure account apart from the arrival and refuge stories.",
    "sources": [
      "https://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/bcstudies/article/download/1670/1715/6887"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-4bd4f222f3bda0f03c3a",
    "name": "Kongo expansion into Mpemba",
    "place_and_era": "West Central Africa; late medieval formation context, event bounds unresolved",
    "attested": "The sources describe conquest of an earlier polity and new local rule.",
    "unknown": "This does not prove a single invasion or identify each affected group.",
    "next_step": "Define a bounded process and assess the traditions and affected tracts.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/119/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_4_-_africa_from_the_twelfth_to_the_sixteenth_century_Joseph_ki-zerbo_djibril_tamsir_niane_editors.pdf",
      "https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000184287",
      "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/emergence-of-social-and-political-complexity-in-west-central-africa/14513EEB16AF860BED4159D78223E2B8",
      "https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1982_num_22_87_3380?pageId=T1_331",
      "https://whc.unesco.org/en/documents/159684"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-b45c54ec001c5584fc6e",
    "name": "Kooki pays tribute",
    "place_and_era": "Kooki. The source places Junju and Kamanya within one broad span.",
    "attested": "The chapter says Junju forced Kooki to pay tribute.",
    "unknown": "Tribute does not itself prove annexation, direct rule or loss of homes. The exact date and scope of land control remain unclear.",
    "next_step": "This is a candidate for study. Resolve the unit and its limits before any case assessment.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-be05805140445d00d918",
    "name": "Kulughli formation and exclusion",
    "place_and_era": "Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli; early modern context",
    "attested": "A regional history describes group formation and different rights across the cities.",
    "unknown": "Loss of political rights does not show forced departure or land seizure.",
    "next_step": "Trace each group and test whether a specific exclusion affected homes or land.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-460a236c9244feda4393",
    "name": "Kushana destruction of Sirkap",
    "place_and_era": "Sirkap, Taxila; first-century CE source context, event date unknown",
    "attested": "An ICOMOS text says the Kushanas destroyed this city. Marshall assigns quake damage to an earlier layer. He places a separate layer after conquest. He also describes house plans and floors.",
    "unknown": "Marshall infers some use of Sirkap after the city shifted. The cause of later damage and the fate of each resident stay open. Captive destinations and an exact loss date remain unknown.",
    "next_step": "Review the new source notes with the earlier city loss claim before release.",
    "sources": [
      "https://whc.unesco.org/document/152545",
      "https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.27295"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-cda675f1f92b0964881b",
    "name": "Kwajalein residential clearance",
    "place_and_era": "Kwajalein Island to Ebeye; January 1951",
    "attested": "The source reports removal from the labor camp to Ebeye.",
    "unknown": "The move does not prove loss of base jobs.",
    "next_step": "The case is prepared; it still needs checks before it goes live.",
    "sources": [
      "https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?l=en&s=A%2FHRC%2F59%2F46%2FAdd.1&t=pdf",
      "https://www.osti.gov/opennet/servlets/purl/16365056.pdf",
      "https://www.gao.gov/assets/a233465.html"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-19f34610cff12db13b57",
    "name": "Kyrgyz and Kazakh flight to China",
    "place_and_era": "Central Asia and China; 1916 context",
    "attested": "A study describes flight to China and land left behind.",
    "unknown": "The passage does not show exact groups, the cause of every departure, or later land use.",
    "next_step": "Define the departure groups and their links with other flight histories.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-bd3df2982226efd9e142",
    "name": "Lakshmana Sena gives land",
    "place_and_era": "Cultivated land under Lakshmana Sena. The chapter gives no exact grant date or tract.",
    "attested": "The chapter reports a tax-free land gift to the priest Isvaradevasarmman. The gift was part of a royal rite.",
    "unknown": "Prior users, their rights and the actual effects remain unknown. A grant for all time does not prove a later outcome.",
    "next_step": "Find which rights the gift changed in practice. A rights loss does not require eviction.",
    "sources": [
      "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#s1.1.2"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-581dc5789d1929e4a650",
    "name": "Land disputes near Baikal",
    "place_and_era": "The account concerns Kudara and the Barguzin valley, but its dates remain broad.",
    "attested": "Rubtsova reports land disputes, official help and new homes for some arrivals.",
    "unknown": "The student essay gives few source details. It does not establish the expulsion of prior residents.",
    "next_step": "Define the dispute, access to land and the link to the earlier flight.",
    "sources": [
      "https://pureportal.spbu.ru/files/102590710/sb_gumnauki_2022_3.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
  "id": "ledger-36377910f01279b412f0",
  "name": "Land grant at Mathura",
  "place_and_era": "Mathura. Konow places the record around 5 to 10 CE. This estimate is not a fixed event date.",
  "attested": "Konow reads Sudasa as the land donor. He says the monk Budhila received it in trust for a Buddhist order. He credits Ayasia Kamuia with the relic deposit.",
  "unknown": "Prior rights and any loss of them remain unknown. Force and actual residence also remain unknown. A place of origin for Budhila does not prove travel. The grant does not prove vacant land or consent by all prior rights holders.",
  "next_step": "Assess what the land gift changed in use or control. Keep prior rights, force and actual residence open.",
  "sources": [
    "https://apnaorg.com/books/english/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2.pdf",
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Indicarum_Vol_2_Part_1.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "B. N. Puri, The Sakas and Indo-Parthians, chapter 8, printed page 200",
    "Sten Konow, Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum II.1, No. XV, Mathura Lion Capital, printed pages 30–49"
  ]
},
  {
    "id": "ledger-50ffc59d186a87df450d",
    "name": "Land pressure and departure from Tunka",
    "place_and_era": "The account concerns the Tunka valley and later moves toward Predbaikal, with no clear date.",
    "attested": "Rubtsova links new arrivals to land pressure. Prior residents and some arrivals then left.",
    "unknown": "The student essay gives few source details and does not prove a total expulsion or attack.",
    "next_step": "Define the land pressure and keep it distinct from the flight into Tunka.",
    "sources": [
      "https://pureportal.spbu.ru/files/102590710/sb_gumnauki_2022_3.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-a83842251990a39d953f",
    "name": "Lao captive removal after the war",
    "place_and_era": "Lao homeland to Thai provinces; after the 1827–1828 war, exact removal dates unknown",
    "attested": "The source reports forced removal of peasants and their settlement as war slaves.",
    "unknown": "Their home villages, destinations and later fates remain unclear.",
    "next_step": "Review the open source questions before any further atlas change.",
    "sources": [
      "https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/pub_jss/article/download/158250/114636/433509"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-7c7ed755434152ba1a6c",
    "name": "Late Tichitt decline",
    "place_and_era": "Dhar Tichitt-Walata; first millennium BCE context",
    "attested": "Site studies describe late settlement changes and raise a question about new groups and force.",
    "unknown": "The reviewed sources do not show a forced departure or seizure of a defined tract.",
    "next_step": "Review the cited site layers for a specific group, action, and land outcome.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.persee.fr/doc/jafr_0399-0346_1986_num_56_1_2107?pageId=T1_9",
      "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232873688_Dhar_Nema_from_early_agriculture_to_metallurgy_in_southeastern_Mauritania"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-3c7bc2124bc89f1f8ba0",
    "name": "Later Ahom conquests in the east",
    "place_and_era": "The eastern Brahmaputra Valley. Terwiel places these conquests at the start of the sixteenth century.",
    "attested": "Terwiel reports Ahom conquests of the Kachari and Chutiya. They extended Ahom control in the eastern valley.",
    "unknown": "The account does not map each tract or name all resident groups. It does not establish one separate event for each name. A forced move is not established.",
    "next_step": "Define the later control sequence and its tracts. Keep it separate from the first conquest and the 1662 loss of rule.",
    "sources": [
      "https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/1983/03/JSS_071_0g_Terwiel_AhomAndStudyOfEarlyTaiSociety.pdf",
      "https://latrian.dyndns.org/takingtheirland/#case=tai-ahom-assam"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-3c8326cb172cebcf46e4",
    "name": "Lib removal and return",
    "place_and_era": "Lib and Ebeye, Marshall Islands; 1961–1966",
    "attested": "The source reports a move to Ebeye and later return to a rebuilt village.",
    "unknown": "The source does not prove that each person returned.",
    "next_step": "The case is prepared; it still needs checks before it goes live.",
    "sources": [
      "https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?l=en&s=A%2FHRC%2F59%2F46%2FAdd.1&t=pdf",
      "https://www.osti.gov/opennet/servlets/purl/16365056.pdf",
      "https://www.gao.gov/assets/a233465.html"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-3cde04a9169ebdce7648",
    "name": "Linyi capital attack",
    "place_and_era": "Linyi; 446",
    "attested": "The scholarly table reports an attack that burned and plundered the capital.",
    "unknown": "The link to a burnt layer from excavation remains uncertain.",
    "next_step": "Review the open source questions before any further atlas change.",
    "sources": [
      "https://his.ussh.vnu.edu.vn/uploads/his/puplication/2019_11/et31_lam-thi-my-dung.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-1e2a04abd06271ee651e",
    "name": "Little Muck Shelter site users",
    "place_and_era": "Little Muck Shelter; medieval contact-period context",
    "attested": "Site authors discuss changed use and possible departure or absorption of the users.",
    "unknown": "Material change does not show their ethnic identity or a forced loss of home.",
    "next_step": "Test each proposed cause of departure or absorption as a separate process.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-7e8f3f8fad5908be8fab",
    "name": "Lontor and Selama removal",
    "place_and_era": "Banda Islands; 1621 source context, exact event bounds unknown",
    "attested": "The source links forced resident removal to VOC control and later plantation use.",
    "unknown": "The source does not prove removal of all islanders or each captive fate.",
    "next_step": "Review the open source questions before any further atlas change.",
    "sources": [
      "https://pala.westfriesmuseum.nl/1621-2/1621-artikel/"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-981554a26f03c8be59a3",
    "name": "Lower Casamance settlement change",
    "place_and_era": "Lower Casamance; change after about 300 CE in the source",
    "attested": "A regional history describes changes in settlement, culture, and food production at these sites.",
    "unknown": "Such changes do not show forced removal or a transfer of land control.",
    "next_step": "Read the cited site report for a specific loss of land or home.",
    "sources": [
      "https://sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/archive-files3/general_history_africa_ii.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-2a9b4eee12d70c3db55d",
    "name": "Maghrib cultivated land shrinkage",
    "place_and_era": "Maghrib; late medieval and early sixteenth-century context",
    "attested": "A regional history describes less farmed land as nomadic groups extended control.",
    "unknown": "The text does not name a specific seizure, affected tract, or forced departure.",
    "next_step": "Locate a specific act and tract before this regional pattern becomes a case.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-d3f5066416c01371b76b",
    "name": "Maghrib privateering and ransom",
    "place_and_era": "Algiers and Tunis; late sixteenth- and seventeenth-century context",
    "attested": "A regional history discusses ship capture, captives, and ransom in the ports.",
    "unknown": "The text does not name a specific transfer or group with a new home.",
    "next_step": "Find a specific capture and home outcome before this pattern becomes a case.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-b363118231ee517a8c92",
    "name": "Maghrib state restructuring",
    "place_and_era": "Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli; early sixteenth-century context",
    "attested": "A regional history describes changed states and a broad political crisis.",
    "unknown": "The reviewed text does not show a defined forced move or land loss.",
    "next_step": "Review each state history for specific acts that affected people on occupied land.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-32ef61fe009eedecca87",
    "name": "Mago removal and attempted repeat removal",
    "place_and_era": "Mago, Fiji; 1865–early 1866",
    "attested": "The source describes removal, a short return for food and a new removal order.",
    "unknown": "The dispatch of men does not prove completion of the second removal.",
    "next_step": "Complete the event and overlap review with that uncertainty intact.",
    "sources": [
      "https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p312281/html/ch08.xhtml?page=18&referer="
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-27b4c5da82a30f5aa95a",
    "name": "Mahanaga and his group flee",
    "place_and_era": "Sri Lanka. The account gives no firm calendar date.",
    "attested": "The chronicle says Mahanaga fled to save his life. His wives, men and horses went with him to Rohana.",
    "unknown": "The account does not show that the whole group faced the same threat. Their old rights and later return are unknown.",
    "next_step": "Assess this reported flight as one case. Keep the threat to his life distinct from later rule in Rohana.",
    "sources": [
      "https://archive.org/details/mahavamsagreatch00geigrich"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-53a465b731a1be5130f1",
    "name": "Mahirakula’s Gandhara raid",
    "place_and_era": "Gandhara; reported past, event date unknown",
    "attested": "A translated text reports deaths and people placed under soldier control in an attributed raid.",
    "unknown": "The text does not show where captives went, later return, or long-term rule over the region.",
    "next_step": "The case is prepared; it still needs checks before it goes live.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-82b61395a664eebe71e9",
    "name": "Makhota’s compelled antimony mining",
    "place_and_era": "Sarawak River basin; early nineteenth-century context",
    "attested": "The source describes forced mine work and resistance to exactions.",
    "unknown": "That labor coercion does not prove loss of homes or direct land seizure.",
    "next_step": "Find a land or residence outcome linked to the mine program.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-be8adcb5838cea4d6248",
    "name": "Manipuri captive removal during occupation",
    "place_and_era": "Manipur to Burma; 1819–1826 campaign context, exact removal dates unknown",
    "attested": "The source reports armies took captives from their homeland to Burma.",
    "unknown": "Their home villages, destinations and later return remain unclear.",
    "next_step": "Review the open source questions before any further atlas change.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.spaceandculture.in/index.php/spaceandculture/article/view/893"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-242a3265405b2dba53ea",
    "name": "Marquesan valley-to-coast relocation",
    "place_and_era": "Marquesas Islands; colonial context after 1842, exact move dates unknown",
    "attested": "The source describes a required move from valley homes to the coast.",
    "unknown": "The exact sites, means of force and later household fates remain unclear.",
    "next_step": "Review the open source questions before any further atlas change.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.service-public.pf/dcp/comprendre-mq/"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-070e68f00b4ddef125e8",
    "name": "Maues captures Taxila",
    "place_and_era": "Taxila; ancient context, capture date unknown",
    "attested": "Puri attributes capture of the city from its prior ruler to Maues.",
    "unknown": "The account does not show forced departures, deaths, or long-term control.",
    "next_step": "Prepare the city capture and check overlap with wider histories of the place.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-6da5d2b1cd31f75c9a0f",
    "name": "Mawanda takes land",
    "place_and_era": "Singo and Bulamogi. The source gives a reign range across the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries.",
    "attested": "The chapter says Mawanda seized Singo and took Bulamogi from Bunyoro. He placed his favorites over new territories. It also reports a Kyaggwe invasion.",
    "unknown": "The Kyaggwe invasion does not prove Kyaggwe stayed under new rule. The source date labels differ. Home loss and links to other seizures remain unknown.",
    "next_step": "This is a candidate for study. Resolve the unit and its limits before any case assessment.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-d9fa716fc1530738904b",
    "name": "Maʻafu’s conquest in Lau",
    "place_and_era": "Lau, Fiji; 1852–1869",
    "attested": "The sources describe conquest and land changes in distinct phases.",
    "unknown": "This parent case does not settle the separate island removals.",
    "next_step": "This case is in the atlas; its open source questions still need review.",
    "sources": [
      "https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/pacific/maafu-prince-tonga-chief-fiji",
      "https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1874/d310",
      "https://books.google.com/books/about/Matanitu.html?id=B40KAQAAIAAJ"
    ],
    "case_url": "../../#case=pacific-tongan-conquest-lau-fiji"
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-0a7f5408deca7056960b",
    "name": "Merger or retreat",
    "place_and_era": "Koten-Magos and nearby areas. The source gives a broad span from 1680 to 1830.",
    "attested": "The chapter says farm groups merged with pastoral groups and changed their economy, or retreated west.",
    "unknown": "The account keeps both paths open. Mixed livelihoods and drought remain part of it. The broad account can overlap the named Toposa, Poet and Okii processes.",
    "next_step": "This is a source lead. Resolve the land or home-loss unit before any case assessment.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-a5f036c0d2cd06771124",
    "name": "Mid-Atoll Corridor clearance",
    "place_and_era": "Kwajalein Atoll; decision in 1964, relocation in January 1965",
    "attested": "The source reports a military corridor plan and later forced moves.",
    "unknown": "The source does not give a full record of later access.",
    "next_step": "The case is prepared; it still needs checks before it goes live.",
    "sources": [
      "https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?l=en&s=A%2FHRC%2F59%2F46%2FAdd.1&t=pdf",
      "https://www.osti.gov/opennet/servlets/purl/16365056.pdf",
      "https://www.gao.gov/assets/a233465.html"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-2371987b8039afb45236",
    "name": "Mountain communities seeking refuge",
    "place_and_era": "Maghrib mountain communities; date unknown",
    "attested": "A regional history describes mountain groups who sought refuge and resisted the Turks.",
    "unknown": "The account does not identify a specific flight, its cause, or the land left behind.",
    "next_step": "Locate the refuge episode and affected group before admission review.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-7f3c600157f416897890",
    "name": "Moves from Baar",
    "place_and_era": "Baar to Mount Kilak. The source gives no separate date.",
    "attested": "The chapter says Luo forays apparently drove three Madi-led groups south. It names Panyimur, Atyak and Koc-Pagak. They moved toward Mount Kilak.",
    "unknown": "Apparently remains a limit on this claim. The nearby Nyilak tale is an allegory, not a second witness to these moves.",
    "next_step": "This is a candidate for study. Resolve the unit and its limits before any case assessment.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-9317ce949354e9d60b40",
    "name": "Mukurra captive transfer",
    "place_and_era": "Mukurra to Egypt; 1276",
    "attested": "The chapter reports captives brought to Egypt as slaves after the expedition.",
    "unknown": "Their precise home tracts, work and later return remain unclear.",
    "next_step": "Review the open source questions before any further atlas change.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-1bbafab9eebedfb2f05c",
    "name": "Munia and Yanuyanu removal",
    "place_and_era": "Munia and Yanuyanu, Fiji; June 1867 and later dispersal",
    "attested": "The source describes removal under naval and property-claim pressure, with later dispersal.",
    "unknown": "This does not prove a valid land sale or each later resident fate.",
    "next_step": "Resolve the link to the Lau parent before atlas use.",
    "sources": [
      "https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p312281/html/ch08.xhtml?page=18&referer="
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-94032e74597c3416751e",
    "name": "Murad bey’s hinterland conquest",
    "place_and_era": "Tunis hinterland; source context around 1630",
    "attested": "A regional history reports Murad bey conquered independent hinterland groups.",
    "unknown": "The text does not identify a defined action or specific affected land.",
    "next_step": "Locate the groups and tracts without guessed events for each place name.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-457f9e223a97b9d6e153",
    "name": "Naryn flight before reprisals",
    "place_and_era": "Naryn; before the 1916 revolt and reprisals",
    "attested": "A study reports flight from Naryn in response to rumors before the revolt and reprisals.",
    "unknown": "The passage does not show a separate land outcome or distinct group from the wider China flight.",
    "next_step": "Clarify the group and land outcome without facts borrowed from another passage.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-bb0de2626b0466059f77",
    "name": "Ncharé’s founding conquest and land division",
    "place_and_era": "Foumban area, Cameroon; founding phase, exact calendar dates unknown",
    "attested": "The sources describe conquest and division of kingdom lands with royal advisers.",
    "unknown": "This does not prove confiscation of each household plot.",
    "next_step": "Review the open source questions before any further atlas change.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf",
      "https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers15-02/02582.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-cc8118ebf9b3e8c5bc2c",
    "name": "Ndori returns to Nduga",
    "place_and_era": "Nduga. The source places Ndori in the early seventeenth century with doubt about the new dynasty.",
    "attested": "The chapter says Ruganzu Ndori took Nduga back. He and later rulers also gained land. They took back Bwanacyambwe, which links to the Gisaka account.",
    "unknown": "These are distinct outcomes across more than one reign. The Nduga claim has no exact date or proof of wholesale replacement. This account links to the Gisaka loss.",
    "next_step": "This is a candidate for study. Resolve the unit and its limits before any case assessment.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
  "id": "ledger-db02fcb657e284f5fa0c",
  "name": "Neutral people lost homes in attacks on their villages",
  "place_and_era": "Neutral villages in the southern Ontario area. The source reports one village lost in 1650. It reports two more lost in 1651.",
  "attested": "Keener reports that one Neutral village was destroyed in 1650. He reports that two villages were destroyed in 1651.",
  "unknown": "The reports do not fix all village sites, later use or the fate of every resident. Defeat does not mean that a people died out.",
  "next_step": "Keep the reported losses separate. Trace later homes and land use for each loss.",
  "sources": [
    "https://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/51917/1/2.David%20H.%20Dye.pdf",
    "https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/etd/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=osu148795159550333"
  ]
},
  {
    "id": "ledger-4958965b94d6bad18f0e",
    "name": "New homes and moves in the American Bottom",
    "place_and_era": "The American Bottom in Illinois. Dye uses AD 650 to 900 for one phase. His next phase spans AD 900 to 1050. The field report adds AD 400 to 650 as earlier context. Dates for local moves remain unknown.",
    "attested": "Dye suggests that some settlers came from nearby areas. He later describes moves from uplands to river plains and larger villages. The field report records repeated use of homes. At Sprague, soil in one house pit predates a fire. The report suggests a return to homes and food stores.",
    "unknown": "The causes of the moves and earlier land use remain open. Fire does not prove that someone drove people from their homes. Wasps can nest in homes that people still use. The proposed return does not establish who returned. Some tables in the report conflict.",
    "next_step": "The selected report sections are complete. Keep both Dye phases distinct. Keep earlier land use as a separate open question. Revisit local causes or loss of homes with new evidence.",
    "sources": [
      "https://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/51917/1/2.David%20H.%20Dye.pdf",
      "https://uofi.box.com/v/RR23-Late-Woodland-Frontiers"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-fb80dc89411ce1d876a8",
    "name": "Ngalama’s reconquests",
    "place_and_era": "Mwanambinyi and Mange’s tracts, southern Africa; date unknown",
    "attested": "A chapter preview says Ngalama took back breakaway tracts and widened his control.",
    "unknown": "The preview does not show one campaign, forced departures, or precise tract bounds.",
    "next_step": "Clarify the separate acts and affected lands before admission review.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2tr4wk8"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-6df3e2c5b0a4664a299c",
    "name": "Ngbandi flight tradition",
    "place_and_era": "Central Africa; tradition places migration around 1300–1500",
    "attested": "The reference work reports a tradition of flight under outside pressure.",
    "unknown": "The origin tract and direct land outcome remain unclear.",
    "next_step": "Trace the tradition and separate flight from later settlement.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/119/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_4_-_africa_from_the_twelfth_to_the_sixteenth_century_Joseph_ki-zerbo_djibril_tamsir_niane_editors.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-fa3afeab89c9f0964710",
    "name": "Ngāti Ira departure from harbour shores",
    "place_and_era": "Wellington harbour; late 1820s source context, exact dates unknown",
    "attested": "A historical text reports attacks that drove people from the shores and likely refuge elsewhere.",
    "unknown": "The text does not show every resident left or that all found new homes.",
    "next_step": "Prepare the accepted departure account and keep groups in each phase separate.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.gw.govt.nz/assets/Documents/2023/07/Chapter-12.pdf",
      "https://www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz/assets/Rangahaua-whanui/DISTRICT/District-12-Wellington-District.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-11840a60569024d1425d",
    "name": "Northern Sanhaja grazing under Maghrawa control",
    "place_and_era": "Dar’a, Aghmat and Tamdult; early eleventh-century context, operation dates unknown",
    "attested": "The reference work describes control of pastures used by northern Sanhaja groups.",
    "unknown": "That control does not prove physical expulsion or permanent loss of every right.",
    "next_step": "Review the open source questions before any further atlas change.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/118/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_3_-_africa_from_the_seventh_to_the_eleventh_century_Ivan_hrbek_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-38a553d23bdb8909e06a",
    "name": "Nudiya falls and the king flees",
    "place_and_era": "From Nudiya to the broad eastern hinterland. The chapter dates this to the early thirteenth century.",
    "attested": "The chapter says Muhammad Bakhtiyar took the city of Nudiya. King Lakshmana Sena and his retainers fled east.",
    "unknown": "The chapter does not give the fate of the other residents or an exact place of refuge. This sentence has no attached note.",
    "next_step": "The review accepts the source-only profile. The capture and elite flight remain source reports. The other residents' fate remains unknown. Keep this case inactive.",
    "sources": [
      "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#s1.1.3"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-d62c651a7232a7a160ca",
    "name": "Old clan lands and rule",
    "place_and_era": "The Great Lakes region. The source spans the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries and some later changes.",
    "attested": "The chapter says new dynasties took over old clan states over time. Some local powers and ritual roles survived.",
    "unknown": "Some clans mixed groups or lacked one tract of land. The account does not establish one act or a shared fate for all clans.",
    "next_step": "This is a source lead. Resolve the land or home-loss unit before any case assessment.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-b045df8dc4469197fa80",
    "name": "Orders for temple staff from Chola villages",
    "place_and_era": "Chola villages in South Asia. Texts 69 and 70 place the orders before year 29 of the reign. The part of text 57 we read has no date. Its ruler is uncertain.",
    "attested": "Texts 69 and 70 report orders for villages to supply temple staff and guards. They list pay in grain and cash. Villages were to pay guards from taxes they owed. The related text 57 lists guard duties for named villages.",
    "unknown": "The texts do not show if each order was carried out. Pay does not prove free choice. Effects on homes, land rights and local rule remain open. Text 57 describes a copy of words, not a move of people.",
    "next_step": "Trace what the orders meant for the people and land in each village. Keep the source units distinct. Check whether the staff served and what changed for local people.",
    "sources": [
      "https://archive.org/details/india.history.resource.335",
      "https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.367421"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-7dc72a5d7b7676bdb7f0",
    "name": "Ottoman direct control restored in Tripoli",
    "place_and_era": "Tripoli; source reports 1835",
    "attested": "A regional history reports troops ashore and restored direct rule.",
    "unknown": "The account does not show resident removal or the full affected tract.",
    "next_step": "Review links with prior city cases before atlas review.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-19f4e5a46e0ef4203708",
    "name": "Owasco villages join for defence",
    "place_and_era": "Northeast North America. Dye places the Owasco context from 900 to 1300. These are source dates, not fixed dates for one move.",
    "attested": "Dye reports that allied groups moved into fewer, larger villages. Keener describes shifts in where people lived. He treats defence as a possible cause. Many early villages had no walls.",
    "unknown": "Local force and loss at each tract remain open. Keener also reports a disputed model in which newcomers drove earlier groups away. He gives an in-place account too. The cited field studies remain unread.",
    "next_step": "Check the local change in homes or land use. Keep the defence and migration claims distinct.",
    "sources": [
      "https://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/51917/1/2.David%20H.%20Dye.pdf",
      "https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/etd/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=osu148795159550333"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-0bd522715172a7df4113",
    "name": "Padhola land gains",
    "place_and_era": "Land south and east of the first Padhola settlement. The source also describes later conflict near Tororo.",
    "attested": "The chapter calls the first site unoccupied. It reports later land gains and Maasai conflict after about 1650.",
    "unknown": "The later gains have no stated prior holders or process. The conflict has no stated land outcome. These claims do not prove one forced land loss.",
    "next_step": "This is a source lead. Resolve the land or home-loss unit before any case assessment.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-e4772b9ae13ae219cc79",
    "name": "Pala rule grows",
    "place_and_era": "Varendra and Magadha toward Kanauj. The chapter sets this in the late eighth and early ninth centuries.",
    "attested": "The chapter says the Pala king Dharmapala took control of more land.",
    "unknown": "The exact unit and prior control remain unclear. A broad claim of royal rule does not settle each local outcome.",
    "next_step": "The review accepts the source-only profile. Prior control and the history of the tract and its people remain open. Keep this case inactive.",
    "sources": [
      "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#s1.1.1"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-e3a8406fc590d7f70e0a",
    "name": "Pallan village destruction",
    "place_and_era": "Pallan, North Asia; source reports 1720",
    "attested": "Jochelson reports a ruined village after a tribute expedition and night attack.",
    "unknown": "The text does not show later land use, departure, return barriers, or all resident fates.",
    "next_step": "Review links with the wider campaign and keep the reported year qualified.",
    "sources": [
      "https://bolt-dev.dh-north.org/files/dhn-pdf/jochkoryak.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-226488596442a3e576ae",
    "name": "Paluo states absorb units",
    "place_and_era": "Paluo states and related groups. The source gives no date for each act.",
    "attested": "The chapter says Paluo states took in small units. Some local leaders kept their office by birth. Puranga and Payera also took in small units.",
    "unknown": "The separate units, dates and rights remain unclear. These changes relate to Paluo flight and formation without one shared event or population by default.",
    "next_step": "This is a source lead. Resolve the land or home-loss unit before any case assessment.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-fafc7c113535071220dc",
    "name": "People leave homes and join villages in the Midsouth",
    "place_and_era": "The Midsouth. Dye places this regional pattern around AD 900 to 1000. Dates for each move remain unknown.",
    "attested": "Dye reports that people left settled areas, which became buffers. Elsewhere, people joined in larger villages for safety. He links these changes to stronger hostilities.",
    "unknown": "The regional account leaves the linked tracts and groups unclear. It does not prove who caused each move or what control followed.",
    "next_step": "Define a bounded tract and process from the report. Keep the hostile pressure and the reported moves clear.",
    "sources": [
      "https://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/51917/1/2.David%20H.%20Dye.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-9c23d1c5493dfcc920ce",
    "name": "People leave the town of Hanhlipinkya to stay safe",
    "place_and_era": "North America, in the source account. The date and exact site of Hanhlipinkya are unknown.",
    "attested": "The 1896 English account by Cushing says leaders led clan groups to safety. Fire, fumes and earth movement then destroyed homes at Hanhlipinkya.",
    "unknown": "The account does not prove that these acts took place. It does not report a human seizure of the place or human forced removal. The cause and date remain unknown.",
    "next_step": "Keep this account as an origin lead. Find a direct human seizure, control change or forced departure first.",
    "sources": [
      "https://archive.org/details/cu31924104094002"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-b92ed1d22b1979c4eba9",
    "name": "Pokoinu chiefs and Puri",
    "place_and_era": "Pokoinu, Rarotonga; date unknown",
    "attested": "An article on court testimony reports chiefs expelled, land given to allies, and Puri restored with new duties.",
    "unknown": "The text does not show if the other chiefs or their families returned.",
    "next_step": "Prepare the accepted land account for atlas review and keep the family questions open.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240533654_History_in_Prehistory_The_Oral_Traditions_of_the_Rarotongan_Land_Court_Records"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-7eee3a57cb718671a448",
    "name": "Princes who lost control at Minnagara",
    "place_and_era": "Minnagara, an inland city in the report. Its modern site and the dates of the acts are unknown.",
    "attested": "Schoff translates a report in the Periplus. It says Parthian princes at Minnagara drove one another out. This describes a repeated loss of rule.",
    "unknown": "The text does not name each prince or date each act. It does not show physical removal of princes or residents. Schoff proposes dates and sites in later notes.",
    "next_step": "The source review and first assessment are complete. Keep this record inactive. The fate of the residents remains unknown.",
    "sources": [
      "https://apnaorg.com/books/english/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2.pdf",
      "https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_Periplus_of_the_Erythr%C3%A6an_Sea.djvu/47"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-747d2ecc2a7e9cbe4c59",
    "name": "Qasr Ibrim capture and occupation",
    "place_and_era": "Qasr Ibrim, Egypt; 1172",
    "attested": "The chapter reports capture of the town, a tortured bishop and a church made into a mosque.",
    "unknown": "This does not prove that all residents left or that the conquest lasted.",
    "next_step": "Review the open source questions before any further atlas change.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-47468107a07d9f679e9b",
    "name": "Ram Mesa Pithouse archaeological comparison",
    "place_and_era": "Ram Mesa Pithouse; early Pueblo I context, event date unknown",
    "attested": "An article cites this site among examples discussed in relation to violence.",
    "unknown": "The reviewed text does not show forced departure or a land outcome here.",
    "next_step": "Review the cited site evidence for a specific process that affected homes.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228657414_Perimortem_Mutilation_of_Human_Remains_in_an_Early_Village_in_the_American_Southwest_A_Case_for_Ethnic_Violence"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-8f0784265c1c15eaa290",
    "name": "Reported Bas-Zaïre family expulsion",
    "place_and_era": "Bas-Zaïre, Congo; 15 October 1994",
    "attested": "The UN report describes an alleged expulsion of families classed as outsiders.",
    "unknown": "The broader campaign does not prove the later fate of each family.",
    "next_step": "Review the open source questions before any further atlas change.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Countries/CD/DRC_MAPPING_REPORT_FINAL_FR.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-ac8b93ad631806e42414",
    "name": "Reported Christian removal in 1138",
    "place_and_era": "Andalusia to Morocco; reported in 1138",
    "attested": "The ledger lists a report of a later Christian removal.",
    "unknown": "The order, affected groups and land loss are unclear.",
    "next_step": "Review the order, the groups and the land outcome.",
    "sources": [
      "https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/ANQE/article/view/ANQE9191110163A"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-d0536f6b85fbcd8359f2",
    "name": "Reported forced move of Susquehannock people",
    "place_and_era": "Dye reports a move from Pennsylvania to Maryland in 1675. This is a source date, not an adopted event date.",
    "attested": "Dye reports that Susquehannock people were forced to move south. The text also describes captives who became part of Iroquois groups.",
    "unknown": "The actor and the share of people moved remain open. We cannot link all the captives in that passage to this move. Their later roles are separate. Dye cites work that we did not read.",
    "next_step": "Check the bounds of this reported move and who drove it. Trace the captive passage as a separate question.",
    "sources": [
      "https://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/51917/1/2.David%20H.%20Dye.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-d64ac5d441632026a86e",
    "name": "Reported royal conquest of the city of the Mallas",
    "place_and_era": "South Asia source report. The text names the city of the Mallas. The date and exact modern site are unknown.",
    "attested": "The translated royal text describes plans for an army move. It reports conquest of the city of the Mallas and the return of the king.",
    "unknown": "The fate of households and their land rights is unknown. How long control lasted is unknown. New land gains or renewed earlier control remain unknown.",
    "next_step": "Prepare an atlas draft from the source assessment.",
    "sources": [
      "https://d1i1jdw69xsqx0.cloudfront.net/digitalhimalaya/collections/journals/kailash/pdf/kailash_03_01_01.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
      "id": "ledger-e7b29a2d5ccff72ed28a",
      "name": "Reported war and camp access on the Alaska coast",
      "place_and_era": "The Alaska coast. The date of the reported events is unknown.",
      "attested": "A published oral account reports raids, forced capture, and destroyed camps and property. It also reports freer use of places to camp.",
      "unknown": "The account includes spirit stories. It does not fix a date or show a land title change. The event to assess remains unresolved.",
      "next_step": "The Murrelet-point fort attack has a separate child record. The other war events still need review. Keep each side and its acts distinct.",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/78871/pg78871-images.html#story_29"
      ]
    },
  {
    "id": "ledger-2d63e04513169c7c99a7",
    "name": "Return-exclusion decision",
    "place_and_era": "Issyk-Kul and Pishpek; 1917 narrative context",
    "attested": "A study reports a decision to restrict return, with exceptions.",
    "unknown": "The text does not show who enforced it, on what grounds, or for how long.",
    "next_step": "Clarify who made the decision and if it kept specific people from their land.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-550907eeb0cbd5ccce3a",
    "name": "Rights over pasture",
    "place_and_era": "Rwanda. The source links gikingi to the late eighteenth century.",
    "attested": "The chapter describes gikingi rights for important herd owners. They gained sole rights to pasture. They also gained rights to rule resident families.",
    "unknown": "The estates, families and earlier rights remain unknown. The related ubuhake account need not involve the same people. Loss of crop rights or homes is unknown.",
    "next_step": "This is a candidate for study. Resolve the unit and its limits before any case assessment.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-95e6052759b96a63be09",
    "name": "Robert’s Small House archaeological comparison",
    "place_and_era": "Robert’s Small House; late Pueblo I context, event date unknown",
    "attested": "A comparative article discusses this site and cites a revised occupation date.",
    "unknown": "The reviewed comparison does not show a defined forced process or loss of home.",
    "next_step": "Review the cited site evidence and keep the occupation date distinct from any event date.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228657414_Perimortem_Mutilation_of_Human_Remains_in_an_Early_Village_in_the_American_Southwest_A_Case_for_Ethnic_Violence"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-e8b22d5c6c2386eafab3",
    "name": "Rock Island refuge",
    "place_and_era": "Cedar Mesa, Utah. The study assumes use from about 200 to 400 CE. The event date is unknown.",
    "attested": "The study describes a refuge on this mesa for nearby groups.",
    "unknown": "The study does not establish one forced departure or loss of home or land.",
    "next_step": "Read the occupation record for evidence that a group lost its home or land.",
    "sources": [
      "https://rex.libraries.wsu.edu/esploro/outputs/report/The-Rock-Island-Site-A-Basketmaker/99901081339701842"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-7f939e2a9ee4303dfd45",
    "name": "Roi and Namur removal",
    "place_and_era": "Roi and Namur, Marshall Islands; 1960",
    "attested": "The source reports removal from both islands for renewed military use.",
    "unknown": "The destinations of each group remain unclear.",
    "next_step": "The case is prepared; it still needs checks before it goes live.",
    "sources": [
      "https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?l=en&s=A%2FHRC%2F59%2F46%2FAdd.1&t=pdf",
      "https://www.osti.gov/opennet/servlets/purl/16365056.pdf",
      "https://www.gao.gov/assets/a233465.html"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-e484927e297b8dd4af22",
    "name": "Sacred Ridge residential destruction",
    "place_and_era": "Sacred Ridge; late eighth- or early ninth-century deposit context",
    "attested": "Site authors link local violence to roof destruction and the end of home use at one feature.",
    "unknown": "The evidence does not show each victim home, an exact attack date, or permanent whole-site loss.",
    "next_step": "The case is prepared; it still needs checks before it goes live.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228657414_Perimortem_Mutilation_of_Human_Remains_in_an_Early_Village_in_the_American_Southwest_A_Case_for_Ethnic_Violence"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-b0bd5af8ce001647891c",
    "name": "Saharan raiding references",
    "place_and_era": "Sahara and southern trading regions; ancient context",
    "attested": "A regional history discusses Saharan traders and reports of slave raids to the south.",
    "unknown": "The reviewed text does not name a specific captured group, removal, or land outcome.",
    "next_step": "Locate the cited ancient texts and identify the place and people affected.",
    "sources": [
      "https://sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/archive-files3/general_history_africa_ii.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
        "id": "ledger-57d68a3a88a4a14923b0",
        "name": "Saka pressure and lower Indus movement",
        "place_and_era": "Lower Indus; ancient source context",
        "attested": "Puri reports that a Parthian barrier forced Saka groups toward the lower Indus. He describes other routes and later arrivals too.",
        "unknown": "The account does not show that residents lost their land. It does not prove one group followed each route or stayed there permanently.",
        "next_step": "Keep this reported forced move as one research record. The other routes and the fate of prior residents remain open.",
        "sources": [
          "https://apnaorg.com/books/english/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2.pdf"
        ]
      },
  {
    "id": "ledger-bb3f5be8a3b0fe992d9e",
    "name": "Sanqare Fulbe violence in Massina",
    "place_and_era": "Massina, West Africa; Sonni ʿAlī’s reign, exact campaign date unknown",
    "attested": "The sources report armed conflict and massacre of a named clan.",
    "unknown": "Their specific land-loss outcome remains unclear.",
    "next_step": "Review the chronicles and link the clan to a bounded tract outcome.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-90321a709c7475b2bcbf",
    "name": "Sao forced from ancestral homes",
    "place_and_era": "Lake Chad area; Idris Alawoma’s reign, 1564–1596",
    "attested": "The reference work describes attacks that forced residents from ancestral homes.",
    "unknown": "The separate attacks and affected home tracts remain unclear.",
    "next_step": "Trace the accounts and separate attacks from refuge moves.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-99e5f8981f93fd68a621",
    "name": "Sarawak pass controls and custodial transfer",
    "place_and_era": "Sarawak to Kuching; nineteenth-century records, enforcement dates unknown",
    "attested": "The account says authorities took workers without passes to the named city as prisoners.",
    "unknown": "The length of custody, later work and return remain unclear.",
    "next_step": "Review the open source questions before any further atlas change.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-8e7940fb4587ac00f28b",
    "name": "Seminole formation and refuge",
    "place_and_era": "Northern and central Florida; eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries",
    "attested": "The Tribal account describes local survivors who joined other groups and people in flight.",
    "unknown": "The account does not yet link those arrivals to a specific local land loss.",
    "next_step": "Find a bounded process and a direct land outcome for an affected group or tract.",
    "sources": [
      "https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol46/iss4/6/",
      "https://dos.fl.gov/florida-facts/kids/seminole-history/",
      "https://stofthpo.com/seminole-history/"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-0c1430ce3772698c0c95",
    "name": "Sena and Guttaka take a kingdom",
    "place_and_era": "Sri Lanka. The account gives no firm calendar date.",
    "attested": "The chronicle says Sena and Guttaka took the realm by force. It also calls their rule just.",
    "unknown": "The account does not show who left their homes or lost rights to land. The wider effects on residents are unknown.",
    "next_step": "Assess this reported takeover as one case. Keep the source limits and unknown resident outcomes in view.",
    "sources": [
      "https://archive.org/details/mahavamsagreatch00geigrich"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-6bd069f6eb63bf2b7af9",
    "name": "Senas take the capital",
    "place_and_era": "Vikrampur, early in the twelfth century in this account.",
    "attested": "The chapter says the Senas displaced Varman rule at Vikrampur. It links this to their move east.",
    "unknown": "The chapter does not state that the people of the city left. Their land rights and homes remain separate questions.",
    "next_step": "The review accepts the source-only profile. The history of the land and its people remains open. Keep this case inactive.",
    "sources": [
      "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#s1.1.2"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-dd2021591124d994db07",
    "name": "Sew-Ghafata residence loss and flight",
    "place_and_era": "Lake Chad region; Idris’s reign context, exact episode dates unknown",
    "attested": "The translations describe raids and destruction that caused flight and loss of homes.",
    "unknown": "The dispatch passage concerns residents in one translation but forces of the ruler in another.",
    "next_step": "Keep that disagreement in any atlas change.",
    "sources": [
      "https://archive.org/download/jstor-25228718/25228718.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-b76022555790a48a0fef",
    "name": "Sibe soldier and family relocation",
    "place_and_era": "Manchuria to Ili; ordered movement in 1764, full event bounds unresolved",
    "attested": "The sources describe ordered moves of soldiers and families, followed by new villages.",
    "unknown": "Individual choice, means of force and loss of prior land rights remain unclear.",
    "next_step": "Assess the origin constraints and destination land rights separately.",
    "sources": [
      "https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_3190333_2/component/file_3667300/content",
      "https://www.persee.fr/doc/emong_0766-5075_1995_num_26_1_1072"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-5d7bfc05915300ecd2f9",
    "name": "Sinbyuyin campaign captive removal",
    "place_and_era": "Manipur to Burma; reported as 1763 or 1764, chronology unresolved",
    "attested": "The synthesis reports that invaders returned with prisoners.",
    "unknown": "The campaign year and destination homes remain unclear.",
    "next_step": "Resolve the source dates and complete the event and overlap review.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.spaceandculture.in/index.php/spaceandculture/article/view/893"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-1145d4e41c1434d6cbbd",
    "name": "Soba capture and resident dispersal",
    "place_and_era": "Soba, Sudan; late medieval context, capture date unknown",
    "attested": "The chapter reports traditions of city capture and resident dispersal.",
    "unknown": "The date, coalition and probable destruction do not form one settled account.",
    "next_step": "Keep those limits in any atlas change.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-9d9254d16ce3f3a99b44",
    "name": "Solomon Islands land transactions",
    "place_and_era": "Solomon Islands; 1881–1900 source context, event bounds unresolved",
    "attested": "The sources describe land deals that included villages and later disputes.",
    "unknown": "The owners, users and consent for each deal remain unclear.",
    "next_step": "Choose specific deals and test consent and land outcomes.",
    "sources": [
      "https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p298111/html/ch06.xhtml?page=13&referer=",
      "https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n5424/html/ch15.xhtml?page=23&referer="
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-86a4d325e88957b4f2b4",
    "name": "Spanish forts in the Maghrib",
    "place_and_era": "Oran, Tripoli, Peñon, and La Goulette; 1505–1574 context",
    "attested": "A regional history describes Spanish forts and garrisons in a broad campaign.",
    "unknown": "The account does not show each site capture, resident fate, or exact event date.",
    "next_step": "Examine each site for an attested action and land outcome.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-67faf90464122fad297f",
    "name": "Spanish recapture of Tunis",
    "place_and_era": "Tunis; source reports 1573",
    "attested": "A regional history reports Spanish recapture of the city in the stated year.",
    "unknown": "The account does not show resident outcomes or separate harm from the adjacent captures.",
    "next_step": "Review shared people and land across the linked changes in city control.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-eff6852f3677a8eb1522",
    "name": "Spanish Santiago settlement on Pohnpei",
    "place_and_era": "Mesenieng, Pohnpei; 1887",
    "attested": "The sources describe land taken for a fort and troops sent to compel labor.",
    "unknown": "The local land holders and later tract outcome remain unclear.",
    "next_step": "Separate land seizure from labor demands and combat, then trace later use.",
    "sources": [
      "https://hpo.pohnpeistate.gov.fm/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/The-Book-of-Luelen.pdf",
      "https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/AA/00/03/71/10/00001/politicaldevelop00evan.pdf",
      "https://nach.gov.fm/spanish-wall-ni-ahlek-kolonia/"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-170d47c7d5f70409539d",
    "name": "Support for settler land appropriation",
    "place_and_era": "Central Asia; 1916 context",
    "attested": "A study describes state support for violent settler land seizure.",
    "unknown": "The passage does not show which parcels changed hands or whether planned actions occurred.",
    "next_step": "Identify a completed seizure, affected people, and tract before admission review.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-29d0d902c7d89e024c10",
    "name": "Sēfuwa withdrawal from Kanem",
    "place_and_era": "Kanem to Borno; late fourteenth-century context, chronology unresolved",
    "attested": "The sources describe forced retreat of the royal group and forces.",
    "unknown": "This does not prove departure of the general population.",
    "next_step": "Resolve the chronology and the limits of this elite and military removal.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-0bcdf44480b715658725",
    "name": "Tama Ariki and Avaavaroa",
    "place_and_era": "Avaavaroa, Rarotonga; date unknown",
    "attested": "An article on court testimony reports expulsion of the named chief and division of his land.",
    "unknown": "The text does not show what happened to his family or how much land changed hands.",
    "next_step": "Prepare the accepted land account for atlas review without guessed family outcomes.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240533654_History_in_Prehistory_The_Oral_Traditions_of_the_Rarotongan_Land_Court_Records"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-49948b00f3173075fd6f",
    "name": "Tatala military pressure and flight",
    "place_and_era": "Lake Chad region; Idris’s reign context, exact episode dates unknown",
    "attested": "The translation links attacks to flight and loss of homes.",
    "unknown": "The precise dates, group limits and later destinations remain unclear.",
    "next_step": "Review the open source questions before any further atlas change.",
    "sources": [
      "https://archive.org/details/historyoffirsttw0000imam"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-ff154f9073d921466f7f",
    "name": "Tavatoma village burning",
    "place_and_era": "Tavatoma, North Asia; date unknown",
    "attested": "Jochelson recounts a force that barred house exits and burned the village homes.",
    "unknown": "The account does not show later land possession, all resident fates, or the event date.",
    "next_step": "Review overlap with broader conquest histories and keep the unknown outcomes visible.",
    "sources": [
      "https://bolt-dev.dh-north.org/files/dhn-pdf/jochkoryak.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-1cebe20d30c96728ed86",
    "name": "Te Heke Niho-puta departure",
    "place_and_era": "Taranaki to Waikanae and Wellington Harbour; about 1824",
    "attested": "The sources link planned retaliation to departure and new homes farther south.",
    "unknown": "The exact dates and identity of each later migrant remain unclear.",
    "next_step": "Review the open source questions before any further atlas change.",
    "sources": [
      "https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1n11/ngatata-i-te-rangi/print",
      "https://teara.govt.nz/en/te-ati-awa-of-wellington/print"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-f38329b052914f31d199",
    "name": "Tellem departure tradition",
    "place_and_era": "Bandiagara toward Yatenga; roughly fourteenth-century context",
    "attested": "The reference work reports a tradition that links new arrivals to flight of prior residents.",
    "unknown": "The causal process and affected land remain unclear.",
    "next_step": "Trace the tradition and test the departure and land link.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-689ff3cf338bd8c38f2d",
    "name": "The loss of Buwekula",
    "place_and_era": "Buwekula. The source places Junju and Kamanya within one broad span.",
    "attested": "The chapter says Kamanya seized this tract from Bunyoro. It reports a loss of rule, with no claim that all people left.",
    "unknown": "The exact date and local land rights remain unknown. This claim can overlap the broader Bunyoro loss of pasture.",
    "next_step": "This is a candidate for study. Resolve the unit and its limits before any case assessment.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-787004bfa3ccba71a2be",
    "name": "Thomas tale of sale and forced court stay",
    "place_and_era": "Syria and the court of Gondophares. The precise court site is unknown.",
    "attested": "Puri relates a tale in which a merchant buys Thomas in Syria and takes him to a royal court. He also reports a forced stay.",
    "unknown": "Puri calls these accounts legends. A match with the dates of a ruler does not prove that the sale, trip or forced stay took place.",
    "next_step": "Assess the claims in the source about sale, travel and court residence. Do not infer a precise court site from the tale.",
    "sources": [
      "https://apnaorg.com/books/english/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-29c050a91bbc378b5cd6",
    "name": "Tikar–Tumu alliance and dominance",
    "place_and_era": "Bamenda, Cameroon; tentative seventeenth-century context",
    "attested": "The reference work describes migrant dominance and adoption of local language and institutions.",
    "unknown": "This does not prove departure of residents or direct land loss.",
    "next_step": "Find a bounded land or residence outcome.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-52d0158317bc1c111518",
    "name": "Tlemcen capital taken",
    "place_and_era": "Tlemcen; early modern context, capture date unknown",
    "attested": "A regional history states that the capital fell to the Turks.",
    "unknown": "The account does not show resident expulsion, deaths, or long-term property loss.",
    "next_step": "Prepare the accepted control-transfer account and check its links with other conquests.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-6eeab87dcfe5b756f94c",
    "name": "Tongan departure from Safotu",
    "place_and_era": "Safotu, Samoa; date unknown",
    "attested": "A recorded tradition describes Tongan residents who left after defeat and peace.",
    "unknown": "The account does not show who all the residents were or where they went.",
    "next_step": "Prepare the accepted account for atlas review and keep those population links open.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/14224/pg14224-images.html"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-a1b0d9b4250b373e52b1",
    "name": "Toposa forced north",
    "place_and_era": "Dodoth, in the 1780s as the source tells it.",
    "attested": "The chapter says proto-Dodo moved north from Apule. This forced the Toposa community that lived there to move north.",
    "unknown": "The exact tract and number of people remain unknown. The account also describes mixed livelihoods and later Isera ties.",
    "next_step": "This is a candidate for study. Resolve the unit and its limits before any case assessment.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-022e893cd2c91836246d",
    "name": "Tripoli taken in 1551",
    "place_and_era": "Tripoli; source reports 1551",
    "attested": "A regional history reports the capture of the city in the stated year.",
    "unknown": "The account does not show resident removal, deaths, or later ownership of their land.",
    "next_step": "Prepare the accepted city capture with those resident outcomes left unknown.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-1dee0406c787f02a646c",
    "name": "Tumat and Darkhan movement",
    "place_and_era": "Middle Lena and Vilyuy; date unknown",
    "attested": "An article reports Tumat displacement and a separate story of sons who left after a dispute.",
    "unknown": "The text does not show one shared forced move or a fixed group identity.",
    "next_step": "Separate the stories and test their causes and effects on occupied land.",
    "sources": [
      "https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/3132047"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-bdf945fc838dffe98dc1",
    "name": "Tunis retaken in 1574",
    "place_and_era": "Tunis; source reports 1574",
    "attested": "A regional history reports another capture of the city in the stated year.",
    "unknown": "The account does not show resident outcomes or separate harm from the earlier captures.",
    "next_step": "Review shared people and land across the linked changes in city control.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-2063629469534b30bfd0",
    "name": "Tunis taken in 1569",
    "place_and_era": "Tunis; source reports 1569",
    "attested": "A regional history reports the capture of the city in the stated year.",
    "unknown": "The account does not show resident outcomes or separate harm from the later recaptures.",
    "next_step": "Review the scope of the linked changes in city control for the atlas.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-5d8f6dac2c3435e89977",
    "name": "Two kings flee west",
    "place_and_era": "Rwanda and Nduga. The source sets this in the sixteenth century. It gives more than one invasion tradition.",
    "attested": "The chapter says two kings fled west after Nyoro invasions. It names Kigeri Mukobanya and Mibambwe Mutabazi. It also describes a shift to Nduga.",
    "unknown": "The flight of all subjects is unknown. The episodes need distinct units. The related Gisaka occupation can overlap their land-control story.",
    "next_step": "This is a source lead. Resolve the land or home-loss unit before any case assessment.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-dac40d9339b8d9807e40",
    "name": "Tượng Lâm suppression and garrison",
    "place_and_era": "Tượng Lâm district; early second-century CE context",
    "attested": "The scholarly table reports a crushed local revolt and troops left in the district.",
    "unknown": "This does not prove loss of homes or new settlers in their place.",
    "next_step": "Resolve the direct land outcome and overlap with the prior regional case.",
    "sources": [
      "https://his.ussh.vnu.edu.vn/uploads/his/puplication/2019_11/et31_lam-thi-my-dung.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-bce882edda6b0f6d280d",
    "name": "Ulu Horo’s family near Lake Muryu",
    "place_and_era": "Lake Muryu; date unknown",
    "attested": "A scholarly article recounts a legend of the destruction of Ulu Horo and his family.",
    "unknown": "The legend does not show a defined land loss or destruction of all Horo groups.",
    "next_step": "Clarify the story source and land outcome without guessed descent.",
    "sources": [
      "https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/3132047"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-3487198330cec86ed842",
    "name": "Unangax̂ wartime removal",
    "place_and_era": "Aleutian and Pribilof islands to southeast Alaska; wartime context, exact bounds unknown",
    "attested": "The source reports ordered removal, camps and blocked return to named villages.",
    "unknown": "The source does not prove that every group lost the right to return.",
    "next_step": "Resolve links to the broader Alaska case before atlas use.",
    "sources": [
      "https://books.google.com/books/about/When_the_Wind_Was_a_River.html?id=Va9xQgAACAAJ",
      "https://www.nps.gov/articles/aleu-mobley-intro.htm"
    ]
  },
  {
      "id": "ledger-977eb7d0aad00d26ca3e",
      "name": "Use of the Peter enclosure",
      "place_and_era": "Clay places Peter Village in Fayette County, Kentucky, in the Early Woodland period. Dye places the Peter enclosure in northwestern Ohio. This place conflict remains unresolved. Early Woodland is context, not a date for forced removal.",
      "attested": "Clay reports post holes, burned wood, a ditch, and an inner bank. He interprets a stockade before the ditch. He reports unfinished mineral weights and small human skull fragments. Defense and sacred use remain possible. His small sample does not establish the uses of the whole site.",
      "unknown": "The cause of the fire and the later use of the site remain unknown. Clay also considers decay or post removal. The skull fragments do not establish a violent death. No forced departure or loss of access follows from these traces alone.",
      "next_step": "Keep both place accounts explicit. Seek evidence about site use and any imposed change in access or control.",
      "sources": [
        "https://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/51917/1/2.David%20H.%20Dye.pdf",
        "https://heritage.ky.gov/Documents/Woodland%20Period%20Research%20in%20KY.pdf"
      ]
    },
  {
    "id": "ledger-9a1c3216c5c12c01aefa",
    "name": "Velvikudi grant-rights loss",
    "place_and_era": "Velvikudi; earlier loss and later renewal, calendar dates unknown",
    "attested": "A charter account reports lost village grant-rights and later legal renewal.",
    "unknown": "The text does not show eviction or full recovery of rights and homes after renewal.",
    "next_step": "Keep the earlier loss and later legal phases distinct, with the final outcome unknown.",
    "sources": [
      "https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.70170/2015.70170.Epigraphia-Indica-Vol-17_djvu.txt"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-09473f94ece0a8a149f5",
    "name": "Viet captive transfer at Drang Lai",
    "place_and_era": "Land of the Viets to an unresolved destination; attested by 1409/1410, transfer date unknown",
    "attested": "The text says its authority captured Viets, moved them and assigned them to Milady the Mother.",
    "unknown": "Their prior homes, exact destination and service status remain unclear.",
    "next_step": "Resolve the actors and the captives' links to the affected land.",
    "sources": [
      "https://isaw.nyu.edu/publications/inscriptions/campa/inscriptions/C0042.html"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-30454a935dea1c62eb6d",
    "name": "Vijaya and Kuvanna chronicle narratives",
    "place_and_era": "Sri Lanka; ancient narrative context, historical event dates unknown",
    "attested": "A chronicle tells separate stories of city deaths, household exclusion, child refuge, and new families.",
    "unknown": "The text does not show which human groups lost which land in these stories.",
    "next_step": "Review each story and its land outcome without guessed links to people alive today.",
    "sources": [
      "https://archive.org/details/mahavamsagreatch00geigrich"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-25e421c69e7344ca8e22",
    "name": "Village land rights in a royal charter from Udayendiram",
    "place_and_era": "South Asia. The text names the village as Udayachandramangalam. The date of the event remains unknown.",
    "attested": "The charter reports loss of prior holders' land rights for a royal grant.",
    "unknown": "The exact rights, later possession and loss of homes remain unknown.",
    "next_step": "Check how the atlas shows this case with an unknown date.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-2c46e5d49db7e323d0dd",
    "name": "Violent deaths at Cherry",
    "place_and_era": "Cherry in the Lower Tennessee Valley. Dye places the site in the Archaic period. Exact dates remain unknown.",
    "attested": "Dye discusses a possible massacre and violent deaths at Cherry. He links the pattern to a possible dispute over resources.",
    "unknown": "The account does not establish a change in land access, control, or homes. Windover is a separate site and question.",
    "next_step": "Define any link between the violence and a change in use of the site or homes.",
    "sources": [
      "https://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/51917/1/2.David%20H.%20Dye.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-d7c233eb1548eeb7f6af",
    "name": "Virgin Lands settlement",
    "place_and_era": "Northern Kazakhstan; program began in 1954, later bounds unknown",
    "attested": "The sources describe state-led farm settlement and use of pasture for crops.",
    "unknown": "This does not prove that the land was empty or all local people left.",
    "next_step": "Resolve links to other steppe and deportation cases before atlas use.",
    "sources": [
      "https://d-nb.info/1248645596/34",
      "https://soviethistory.msu.edu/1954/virgin-lands-campaign/"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-c73ade4576279dcc9b8f",
    "name": "War captives in Songhay farming settlements",
    "place_and_era": "Songhay; Askiya Muhammad’s reign, 1493–1529",
    "attested": "The reference work describes farm settlements for people enslaved in war.",
    "unknown": "Their origin tracts and specific destination settlements remain unclear.",
    "next_step": "Find a bounded capture and settlement process in the sources.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-722647d8926cb459ac76",
    "name": "War splits Buzinza",
    "place_and_era": "Buzinza, Rusubi and the coast. The source sets the split at the start of the nineteenth century.",
    "attested": "The chapter says a war for the throne split Buzinza. Rusubi and the coast broke away under named rulers.",
    "unknown": "This was an internal struggle. The account does not establish foreign conquest or household flight. Kakaraza had earlier fought off attacks.",
    "next_step": "This is a candidate for study. Resolve the unit and its limits before any case assessment.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-9eb534b098afd212799f",
    "name": "Western grants redirect taxes",
    "place_and_era": "In the west, along the Bhagirathi-Hooghly basin. The chapter sets these grants after the ninth century.",
    "attested": "The chapter says villagers had to pay the land donees in cash and kind. The fields were already in use.",
    "unknown": "The chapter does not report eviction. It leaves open whether former users lost rights or whether tax claims changed hands.",
    "next_step": "Define the grant group and the rights that changed. A fiscal change alone does not settle a land loss.",
    "sources": [
      "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#s1.1.3"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-975d121686076f8c7b80",
    "name": "What befell the Poet people?",
    "place_and_era": "The Kapoeta river, in the 1820s as the source tells it.",
    "attested": "The chapter says Korwakol and Jie Rengen joined to destroy a Poet farm community.",
    "unknown": "The fate of its people and homes remains unclear. Destruction alone does not tell us who died or left.",
    "next_step": "This is a source lead. Resolve the land or home-loss unit before any case assessment.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-ceabe4a4735e6de329ba",
    "name": "What links Ipiutak warfare and later change?",
    "place_and_era": "Northern and western Alaska. The source gives broad age ranges, not a firm event date.",
    "attested": "The 2018 report describes violent injuries. It also reports later population replacement. It does not link those injuries to one forced loss of homes or land.\n\nAnderson reports houses, camps and later house abandonment at Cape Krusenstern. He also describes resource use. House 30 burned. Three partly burned skeletons lay beneath the fallen wood.\n\nAnderson reports a possible earlier wound in one adult. He interprets the positions of the children as possible attempts to dig down and escape.",
    "unknown": "The report also notes trade and some intermarriage. Ipiutak is an archaeological label, not proof of one modern people. Dates and the causes of change remain unclear.\n\nThe cause of the fire is unknown. The chapter does not establish an attack, a forced move or the fate of the whole community.\n\nRaghavan discusses Dorset and Thule farther east. That text reports no massacre evidence. It does not rule out the Ipiutak injuries.",
    "next_step": "Keep the house fire and later replacement claim separate. Ask whether a source links a human act to loss of homes, land use or control. The Ipiutak chapter and its figures and plates give context. They do not resolve that link.",
    "sources": [
      "https://dnr.alaska.gov/parks/oha/publications/oha173overviewofalaskaprehistory.pdf",
      "https://escholarship.org/content/qt3197t6wz/qt3197t6wz.pdf",
      "https://npshistory.com/series/archeology/20/report.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-3f062598c1e91b12b253",
    "name": "Where did Jaki extend his rule?",
    "place_and_era": "Madi country. The source gives no exact date for the extension.",
    "attested": "The chapter says Jaki and his sons extended their rule. In Terego, Madi elders accepted Banale as chief.",
    "unknown": "The account does not state how Jaki gained rule. The elders accepted Banale. The idea that they sought to avoid Jaki remains open.",
    "next_step": "This is a candidate for study. Resolve the unit and its limits before any case assessment.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
  "id": "ledger-958114d7a0db337a7aa6",
  "name": "Whistling Elk burned lodges",
  "place_and_era": "Whistling Elk; departure date unknown",
  "attested": "Excavators found a burned inner roof and a mostly unburned outer roof. Pots and tools lay on the floor. The authors infer a hasty departure and propose an attack as one possible cause.",
  "unknown": "The cause, forced departure and later control of the land remain unknown. The finds do not prove an attack.",
  "next_step": "Find evidence for the cause of departure and any loss of homes or land.",
  "sources": [
    "https://history.sd.gov/docs/Educational%20Series%208.pdf",
    "https://www.nps.gov/subjects/ncptt/upload/2002-27.pdf",
    "https://www.nps.gov/subjects/ncptt/upload/2002-27a.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Larry J. Zimmerman, Initial Coalescent: A Blending of Cultures, South Dakota Archaeology, Educational Series 8, PDF page 3; publication year and printed pagination unverified.",
    "Dennis L. Toom and Kenneth L. Kvamme, “The ‘Big House’ At Whistling Elk Village (39HU242): Geophysical Findings and Archaeological Truths,” Plains Anthropologist 47(180) (2002), printed pages 5–16 (PDF pages 2–13).",
    "Kenneth L. Kvamme, “Archaeological prospecting in fortified Great Plains villages: new insights through data fusion, visualization and testing,” Archaeological Prospection: 4th International Conference on Archaeological Prospection (2001), printed pages 141–143 (PDF pages 1–3); additional publication, not an established independent witness."
  ]
},
  {
    "id": "ledger-f4c8148513ebfb0a6173",
    "name": "Who sought refuge by the Nile?",
    "place_and_era": "Pakwac-Pawir and lands west of Cwa. The source gives drought and refuge context.",
    "attested": "The chapter says the influx apparently weakened the Paluo position. It describes a control dispute and Nyipir and Tifool followers who moved west.",
    "unknown": "The famine, refuge influx and control conflict need distinct units. The axe is part of a tradition. Drought alone does not prove a forced land loss.",
    "next_step": "This is a source lead. Resolve the land or home-loss unit before any case assessment.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-273446c419e8ffbe1746",
    "name": "Who split the lands of Bugesera?",
    "place_and_era": "Bugesera. The source gives both the end of the eighteenth century and the start of the nineteenth.",
    "attested": "The chapter says Rwanda and Burundi split Bugesera between them. It describes a loss of rule over a named land.",
    "unknown": "The exact boundary and local rights remain unknown. The source does not report blanket eviction. An earlier king fled in a separate episode.",
    "next_step": "This is a candidate for study. Resolve the unit and its limits before any case assessment.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-4c6af84a45ed08d1dc01",
    "name": "Who took rule in Mubari?",
    "place_and_era": "Mubari. The source sets the occupation in the eighteenth century.",
    "attested": "The chapter says Rwanda occupied Mubari. It also describes Kivu shore settlements and other states that retreated or broke up.",
    "unknown": "Those outcomes differ. Some old powers kept their independence under a kind of protectorate. The account does not prove one shared tract or mass home loss.",
    "next_step": "This is a candidate for study. Resolve the unit and its limits before any case assessment.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-b73f9807d0130325a78b",
    "name": "Who took the Bongera lands?",
    "place_and_era": "Bongera lands in Rwanda. The source gives no date for this annexation.",
    "attested": "The chapter says Cyirima Rugwe annexed the Bongera lands.",
    "unknown": "The early origin of the principality does not date this act. The local rights and residents remain unknown. Lack of an exact year does not rule it out.",
    "next_step": "This is a candidate for study. Resolve its scope; an exact year is not a rule for entry.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-acde20485e7403bbdb3e",
    "name": "Why did kings choose the island?",
    "place_and_era": "Bukerebe. The source places the account in its eighteenth-century narrative.",
    "attested": "The chapter says the Tatoga threat forced the kings to put their capital on the island. It does not name a former site.",
    "unknown": "The former site and affected residents remain unknown. This does not prove that all people on the peninsula left or that Tatoga conquered it.",
    "next_step": "This is a source lead. Resolve the land or home-loss unit before any case assessment.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-28cdbd25c997d9422c4b",
    "name": "Why did people leave Buganda?",
    "place_and_era": "Buganda to nearby states. The chapter describes a long process with no single act date.",
    "attested": "The chapter links royal control to long rebellions and violence. It says more people went into exile in nearby states.",
    "unknown": "The account does not identify one purge, one ruler or one group of exiles. Exact homes, destinations and dates remain unclear.",
    "next_step": "This is a source lead. Resolve the land or home-loss unit before any case assessment.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-97d44a1d36157f32094e",
    "name": "Winter clans enter a valley and settle",
    "place_and_era": "North America, in the source account. The Snow-water valley and its springs have no exact modern map location. The date is unknown.",
    "attested": "The 1896 English account by Cushing says the People of Winter fought into Snow-water valley. They first settled at springs that gave out mud.",
    "unknown": "The account does not prove that these acts took place. It does not name prior residents or say that they lost homes. The date, exact site and length of the stay are unknown.",
    "next_step": "Find evidence for the time, place and prior residents. Keep their fate unknown.",
    "sources": [
      "https://archive.org/details/cu31924104094002"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-6e4c598a0e9f04a9b48d",
    "name": "Wintuan and Maiduan movement question",
    "place_and_era": "California; source’s approximate relative date remains unverified",
    "attested": "A study suggests southward moves. Golla adds a possible Wintuan spread based on language patterns.",
    "unknown": "The link to a forced move or land loss is unknown. The excerpt is cut short; a Maiduan claim remains unverified.",
    "next_step": "Find the rest of the section. Keep the two groups and their land questions distinct.",
    "sources": [
      "https://content.ucpress.edu/title/9780520266674/9780520266674_intro.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-d7b7f77d539f2a47b352",
    "name": "Wolof expulsion in Koly’s conquests",
    "place_and_era": "Futa Toro river valleys; early sixteenth-century context",
    "attested": "The reference work reports a tradition of conquest and expulsion from river valleys.",
    "unknown": "The exact campaigns, groups and land outcomes remain unclear.",
    "next_step": "Review the tradition and identify a bounded affected tract.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-d2b81456180b15cc40c1",
    "name": "Woodland violence and settlement in the Illinois valley",
    "place_and_era": "Lower and central Illinois River valley; Late Woodland period, event dates unknown",
    "attested": "Wilson reports skeletal injuries and interprets changes in settlements as partly due to hostilities.",
    "unknown": "The chapter does not establish a forced departure from a defined place or the loss of land rights.",
    "next_step": "Read the cited field reports for evidence of who left, why they left and what happened to their land.",
    "sources": [
      "https://wilson.anth.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.anth.d7_wilson/files/sitefiles/Wilson%202012.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-dbd2dfacb612eb785031",
    "name": "Young men leave elders",
    "place_and_era": "The chapter describes several societies. It gives no one local episode or act date.",
    "attested": "The chapter says some young men left to escape elders' control. The elders controlled cattle and marriage. They kept young men dependent.",
    "unknown": "The local society and episode remain unclear. Pressure and movement need a clear land or home-loss unit. A lack of names or numbers does not rule it out.",
    "next_step": "This is a source lead. Resolve the land or home-loss unit before any case assessment.",
    "sources": [
      "https://www.maktaba.org/download/file/1154/General_history_of_africa_-_volume_5_-_africa_from_the_sixteenth_to_the_eighteenth_century_Bethwell_allan_ogot_editor.pdf"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-d910928745aa6956cfe8",
    "name": "Yuan removal in the Sayan-Altai",
    "place_and_era": "Sayan-Altai; source places the account near 1293",
    "attested": "A scholar says Kublai removed local residents and settled other people there.",
    "unknown": "The text does not show the exact date, full scope, or long-term result.",
    "next_step": "Review which people and actions overlap with the related Yuan removals.",
    "sources": [
      "https://scfh.ru/papers/yuzhnaya-sibir-pod-vlastyu-mongolov/"
    ]
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-f21ccdb7fde95c814da8",
    "name": "Zhalanash violence during return",
    "place_and_era": "Zhalanash; return-period context, incident date unknown",
    "attested": "A study reports hostility and deaths near a Cossack allotment.",
    "unknown": "The passage does not show a defined land seizure or removal process.",
    "next_step": "Identify the affected people and a direct land or residence outcome.",
    "sources": []
  },
  {
    "id": "ledger-e201249f9d09498191ec",
    "name": "Beal reports a loss of rule at Pushkalavati",
    "place_and_era": "A city in Gandhara, as named by Beal. The exact site and date remain unknown.",
    "attested": "Beal gives this report in a note to his translation. He says Alexander besieged and took the city from Astes or Hasti. He says Alexander put Sangaeus or Sanjaya in charge.",
    "unknown": "The note does not establish the fate of the people in this city or the former ruler. The date, exact site and length of new rule remain unknown.",
    "next_step": "Seek evidence for the date and effects on residents. Keep this reported capture separate from claims about forced moves.",
    "sources": [
      "https://archive.org/download/siyukibuddhistre01hsuoft/siyukibuddhistre01hsuoft_bw.pdf#page=243"
    ]
  },
{
      "id": "ledger-88343299699785d4e1a2",
      "name": "Bhir lane walls and public access",
      "place_and_era": "Small lanes at Bhir Mound, Taxila, with the west end of Lane 2 as an example. The date remains unknown.",
      "attested": "Marshall says cross-walls closed some small lanes and stopped public shortcuts. He thought those lanes seemed to belong to the houses beside them.",
      "unknown": "The prior public right and any change in that right remain unknown. The account does not name who put up the walls or establish force, conflict or loss of homes.",
      "next_step": "Assess whether the lane barrier took a prior right of public access. Keep the described barrier distinct from a proved loss of rights. The cause of the closure remains unknown.",
      "sources": [
        "https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.27295",
        "https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.2954"
      ]
    },
{
    "id": "ledger-6d6fe65ac58294e8036c",
    "name": "Bhir sack and possible loss of use",
    "place_and_era": "The West Group at Bhir Mound, Taxila. Marshall places the sack in the early second century BCE. The date remains unassigned here.",
    "attested": "Marshall reports that Bactrian Greeks sacked the city. He thinks the West Group buildings probably burnt at that time. He saw no sign of later buildings there.",
    "unknown": "The link between the sack and fire remains uncertain. Fire alone does not show who caused it or what happened to residents. The end of use does not prove permanent loss.",
    "next_step": "Keep this reported sack and probable end of use as a separate research record. Seek evidence about the date and residents.",
    "sources": [
      "https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.27295",
      "https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.2954"
    ]
  },
{
      "id": "ledger-43973b3098dfa0944355",
      "name": "Reported loss of Murrelet-point fort",
      "place_and_era": "Murrelet-point fort in a Tlingit oral account. Its modern site and the date of the attack remain unknown.",
      "attested": "The account says a southern war party destroyed the fort and captured women there. A captive woman then named another town. That next attack is a separate event.",
      "unknown": "The account includes spirit stories. The modern groups and the number of captives remain unknown. It does not show a permanent loss of land or a change in title.",
      "next_step": "Assess this reported fort loss as one event. Keep the other war events separate. Preserve the unknown date and the limits of the oral account.",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/78871/pg78871-images.html#story_29"
      ]
    },
{
    "id": "ledger-d1c681dd4f95a13692bc",
    "name": "Reported loss of village rights in Sonpur",
    "place_and_era": "12 villages in Sonpur. The date of the loss remains unknown. The 1831 grievances give context, not an exact date.",
    "attested": "Dalton reports that a royal grant holder gave the 12 villages to Sikh farmers. Singrai Manki lost his village rights and control.",
    "unknown": "The source does not establish that all residents left. The full village list, land title and duration of the loss remain unknown. The original deposition remains unread.",
    "next_step": "Keep this reported loss of village rights as one research record. Seek evidence about the date and effects on residents.",
    "sources": [
      "https://archive.org/details/EthnologyOfBengal"
    ]
  },
{
        "id": "ledger-91875473edb31181d9e7",
        "name": "Reported loss of homes in eastern Wisconsin",
        "place_and_era": "Eastern Wisconsin. The source gives regional dates up to AD 1300. Dates for each act remain unknown.",
        "attested": "Dye reports that Oneota groups drove local groups out or absorbed them. He reports later Oneota control of eastern Wisconsin.",
        "unknown": "The cause of the Aztalan departure remains uncertain. The account does not establish the fate of each group.",
        "next_step": "Keep the reported loss of homes or control as one research record. Seek evidence about the dates and each group's fate.",
        "sources": [
          "https://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/51917/1/2.David%20H.%20Dye.pdf"
        ]
      },
{
  "id": "ledger-1afc4ed029b55df8e03c",
  "name": "Flight and return at Norris Farms",
  "place_and_era": "Norris Farms 36 in the Illinois River valley. The source places village life around AD 1300. Dates of each attack remain unknown.",
  "attested": "Dye reports repeated attacks, flight and later return. Tubbs describes newer evidence that Oneota and Middle Mississippian people lived together at Morton Village. Her account retains both violence and cooperation.",
  "unknown": "The place of each attack, the attackers and the burial party remain unclear. Newer, preliminary finds do not support an earlier theory of restricted access to food. This does not rule out brief flight or prove permanent loss of the village.",
  "next_step": "Keep the flight and return account distinct from the theory of restricted access to food. Check the original attack studies.",
  "sources": [
    "https://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/51917/1/2.David%20H.%20Dye.pdf",
    "https://d.lib.msu.edu/etd/2031/OBJ/download"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "David H. Dye, War Paths, Peace Paths (2009), chapter 8, printed pages 130–131 (PDF pages 151–152); consulted synthesis, cited originals unread.",
    "Ryan Maureen Tubbs, Ethnic Identity and Diet in the Central Illinois River Valley (Michigan State University doctoral dissertation, 2013), sections 3.4–3.5, printed pages 44–58 (PDF pages 63–77); these sections only, full dissertation and isotope results unread."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-57cd72cbd1ca7c911ba8",
  "name": "Etowah: violent loss and later use",
  "place_and_era": "Etowah, northern Georgia. The 2024 study places its violent collapse around 1325-1375 and later use by about 1400.",
  "attested": "Dye gives an attack as one possible cause of abandonment. Sullivan and coauthors report a violent attack and loss of the town's former political role. They also report later use of the site.",
  "unknown": "The attackers, the number affected and the fate of those who left remain unknown. Later use does not prove that the former residents returned. Both accounts draw on King, so they do not give two independent checks.",
  "next_step": "Assess the form of the attack and loss of residence at Etowah. Keep that loss separate from later use of the site.",
  "sources": [
    "https://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/51917/1/2.David%20H.%20Dye.pdf",
    "https://doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2024.1"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "David H. Dye (2009), War Paths, Peace Paths, chapter 9, pp. 153-154 (PDF pp. 174-175).",
    "Lynne P. Sullivan, Kevin E. Smith, Scott C. Meeks and Shawn M. Patch (2024), \"Tracking Mississippian Migrations from the Central Mississippi Valley to the Ridge and Valley with a Unified Absolute Chronology,\" American Antiquity 89(2): 221-237. DOI: 10.1017/aaq.2024.1. Relevant pages: 223, 225, 227, 229 and 232."
  ]
},
{
      "id": "ledger-cb210339d45bd995b888",
      "name": "Sri Lanka: proposed Naga arrival in the Iron Age",
      "place_and_era": "Sri Lanka. The Iron Age is source context. The time and place of any land loss remain unknown.",
      "attested": "Deraniyagala proposes that people he links to the Nagas moved into land used by Yakka hunter-gatherers. This is a model.",
      "unknown": "The people, route and land effects remain unresolved. The source also allows diffusion, local descent, shared ancestry, gene flow and drift.",
      "next_step": "Assess who moved and what happened to prior land use. Keep the source model and its alternatives open.",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.archaeology.lk/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Prehistory_and_protohistory_of_Sri_Lanka.pdf"
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-ada44584fd21b5e38d9c",
      "name": "Sri Lanka: wet-rice growth and pressure on Yakka/Vadda life",
      "place_and_era": "Sri Lanka. The early rice and town context gives no date or mapped area for this process.",
      "attested": "Deraniyagala offers a model of Sinhalese wet-rice town growth. In his model, this growth forced Yakka/Vadda groups into a relict state. He also describes partial symbiosis. The groups kept their identity.",
      "unknown": "The bounded people, place and land-use effects remain unresolved. This claim of pressure is a model, not an observed expulsion.",
      "next_step": "Assess the claimed pressure and its land-use effects. Keep partial symbiosis and retained identity in view.",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.archaeology.lk/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Prehistory_and_protohistory_of_Sri_Lanka.pdf"
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-ec4d3902274ca9336e6e",
      "name": "Vijitanagara: the text says people fled from the river bank to this city",
      "place_and_era": "Sri Lanka. The chronicle places this refuge in its ancient past. The date and exact route remain unknown.",
      "attested": "The Mahavamsa says people on the river bank escaped death and sought protection in Vijitanagara. It calls them Damilas. This is a source term, with no fixed modern ethnic match.",
      "unknown": "The people were soldiers, other residents, or both. Their mix remains unknown. Their number, homes and later fate also remain unknown. The later siege does not settle their fate. The chapter joins religious claims that devalue the dead with grief and a final adverse view of deaths from greed.",
      "next_step": "Assess who moved and what happened to their homes or land. Keep refuge and military retreat open as possible parts of this movement.",
      "sources": [
        "https://archive.org/details/mahavamsagreatch00geigrich"
      ]
    },
{
        "id": "ledger-98c7f0e7b50d8a9ff097",
        "name": "Vijitanagara: the text says the king took the city in a siege",
        "place_and_era": "Sri Lanka. The chronicle places this siege in its ancient past. The date and exact site remain unknown.",
        "attested": "The Mahavamsa reports that Dutthagamani took the fortified city after a siege. It describes deaths at the gates and in the streets. The narrator says he destroyed the city.",
        "unknown": "The scope of the damage and the fate of residents remain unknown. The account does not establish total loss of life or a new resident group. Religious speech devalues the dead. The chapter also gives grief, restraint and rites for Elara. Its last verse condemns deaths from greed. Its large totals lack a verified count.",
        "next_step": "Keep the reported siege as one research record. Its effects on residents remain unknown.",
        "sources": [
          "https://archive.org/details/mahavamsagreatch00geigrich"
        ]
      },
{
      "id": "ledger-a2122d94e6657dd8bef8",
      "name": "Los Angeles land and water purchases in Owens Valley",
      "place_and_era": "Owens Valley, California, in the early twentieth century and the 1920s. Exact process dates remain unknown.",
      "attested": "The Commission describes City land and water purchases, water export and groundwater use. It says settlers lost land and Paiute people lost ranch jobs.",
      "unknown": "The account does not define which Native land uses or homes these purchases displaced. Job loss alone does not prove land seizure. The later land exchange is a separate process.",
      "next_step": "Trace Native land and water use through the purchases. Distinguish forced loss from ordinary sales and the later exchange.",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.oviwc.org/owens-valley"
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-d1bb437815d35c78f0c9",
      "name": "Owens Valley Paiute land exchange in the 1930s",
      "place_and_era": "Bishop, Big Pine and Lone Pine, Owens Valley, California. The source gives both 1937 and 1939 for the exchange.",
      "attested": "The Commission describes a federal and City land exchange. It reports a smaller occupied land base afterward. A plan named three valley reservations. Water export was one of several motives.",
      "unknown": "Reports proposed moves outside the valley; a later plan named sites within it. The extent of actual moves remains unknown. Consent and force remain unresolved. Acreages and current water rights remain unverified.",
      "next_step": "Define the affected people, former tracts and land loss. Keep proposals distinct from actual land change. Resolve dates without an exact date rule.",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.oviwc.org/owens-valley"
      ]
    },
{
        "id": "ledger-84caa3de4598f2ec85ac",
        "name": "Owens Valley Paiute removal to Fort Tejon and return",
        "place_and_era": "Owens Valley and Fort Tejon in California. Settler entry dates to the 1800s in this account. Removal and return dates remain unknown.",
        "attested": "The Owens Valley Indian Water Commission describes forced removal to Fort Tejon after conflict and massacres. Ancestors returned. They faced loss of land access and few choices beyond ranch labor.",
        "unknown": "The number removed, return routes and full land loss remain unknown. The people continued to live in the valley. This question overlaps the broad California settler case.",
        "next_step": "Keep this forced removal and return as one research record. The death toll and terms of labor remain unknown.",
        "sources": [
          "https://www.oviwc.org/owens-valley"
        ]
      },
{
      "id": "ledger-f371ec701b7e212d9c4e",
      "name": "Western Mono settlement inferred from shared speech",
      "place_and_era": "Western Sierra Nevada, near the upper San Joaquin, Kings and Kaweah rivers. The date is unknown.",
      "attested": "Kroeber infers a recent western Mono settlement from similar speech across the Sierra. He names western groups and their neighbors.",
      "unknown": "The account gives no arrival date or land seizure. Earlier residents and land outcomes remain unknown. Kroeber leaves group ties and boundaries unclear. His account includes colonial bias and continued Mono presence.",
      "next_step": "Define the people and land in this question. Compare it with the broad Numic spread case; do not assign its dates or victims.",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/kroeber/paiute_mono_koso.html"
      ]
    },
{
        "id": "ledger-143c1b0b31c4a2576d76",
        "name": "Mayurasarman: a reported grant of land",
        "place_and_era": "The poem names land from the western sea to Prehara. The Prehara boundary and the dates of the acts remain unknown.",
        "attested": "The translated praise poem says Pallava rulers made Mayurasarman a friend. He served them, then received land under a pact against entry by others.",
        "unknown": "This grant does not establish that people lost their homes. The prior rights, scope of control, and length of the grant remain unknown.",
        "next_step": "Keep the reported land grant as one research record. Its use on the ground and effects on prior users remain unknown.",
        "sources": [
          "https://library.bjp.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1910/37/epigraphia-indica-vol-08-1905-1906.pdf"
        ]
      },
{
      "id": "ledger-cdf25823653bea64d71b",
      "name": "Mayurasarman and the base he made in a forest",
      "place_and_era": "The poem names a forest near Sriparvata. Kielhorn links that place to Srisaila. The dates and the bounds remain unknown.",
      "attested": "The translated praise poem says Mayurasarman defeated Pallava frontier guards and made a base in the forest. It also praises his raids.",
      "unknown": "A base alone does not establish a loss of land or access. The forest is not known to match the later grant.",
      "next_step": "Determine whether the forest base caused loss of land or access. Keep that question separate from the later grant.",
      "sources": [
        "https://library.bjp.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1910/37/epigraphia-indica-vol-08-1905-1906.pdf"
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-3501a454b52f8cbd2cae",
      "name": "Kakustha and kin who sought a place of refuge",
      "place_and_era": "The poem places refuge in Kakustha territory. The dates, the home tracts, and the bounds remain unknown.",
      "attested": "The translated praise poem says stronger parties harassed relatives. The relatives entered his land with their belongings and found shelter.",
      "unknown": "Shelter does not establish a forced move or the loss of a home. It does not establish a loss for earlier residents.",
      "next_step": "Trace the pressure at the place of origin and any loss of homes. Assess any loss of land at the place of shelter on its own.",
      "sources": [
        "https://library.bjp.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1910/37/epigraphia-indica-vol-08-1905-1906.pdf"
      ]
    },
{
  "id": "ledger-c64b17b0c5b90e05e663",
  "name": "Burned sites and violent deaths in Gallina",
  "place_and_era": "Gallina, New Mexico; medieval source context. Dates for each event remain unknown.",
  "attested": "Authors report burned structures at home sites, often with food stores. Some contexts include unburied people who died from violence.",
  "unknown": "Fire causes and the loss of specific homes remain unresolved. Captivity is a theory. The source does not prove one forced regional departure.",
  "next_step": "Review the reported sites to define each process and its effect on homes or stores. Keep other fire causes in view.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.archaeologysouthwest.org/wp-content/uploads/arch-sw-v29-no1.pdf"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-d074b6fd997454ff4251",
  "name": "A field grant at Nasik",
  "place_and_era": "Near Nasik in western India; ancient period.",
  "attested": "A royal order grants a named field to monks. It names a man who held the field before.",
  "unknown": "The text does not explain the fate of people who used the field.",
  "next_step": "Check whether the grant took away earlier rights to the field.",
  "sources": [
    "https://whatisindia.com/inscriptions/epigraphica_indica/vol8_1905-1906/senart.html"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-4e4f6cce57979934a826",
  "name": "Home loss in Embobut Forest",
  "place_and_era": "Kenya, from late 2017. The report dates to 2018.",
  "attested": "The rights commission reports forced evictions and burned homes. Its account uses interviews and site visits.",
  "unknown": "The report gives no end date for the forced moves. It does not state where all affected people went.",
  "next_step": "Prepare this reviewed case for the atlas. Keep its unknown scale and later outcome clear.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.knchr.org/portals/0/grouprightsreports/KNCHR-Fact_Finding_Mission_to_Embobut_Forest.pdf"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-36850b9ff3f90d1cac19",
  "name": "Changes at coastal shell rings",
  "place_and_era": "The report covers the southeast coast of North America. It concerns sites before written records.",
  "attested": "The report reviews ring sites and changes in their use. It weighs sea rise, resource shifts and possible conflict.",
  "unknown": "Possible conflict is a theory in this report. That theory does not establish a forced move or loss of land.",
  "next_step": "Trace the claims to site studies. Look for human acts that caused loss of homes or land use.",
  "sources": [
    "https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/DownloadFile/731776"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-651853183e4322b43ae4",
  "name": "Forced move from the northern Kurils",
  "place_and_era": "The move was from the northern Kurils to Shikotan. It took place in 1884.",
  "attested": "A university page reports a forced move in 1884. The government of Japan forced the move. The page names northern Kuril Ainu as the people moved. It names Shikotan as their new home.",
  "unknown": "This is a later summary, not an account from 1884. The route, length of stay and terms of return are unknown. Later population decline does not show a death count or its cause.",
  "next_step": "Prepare this reviewed case for the atlas. Keep its scale and later history unknown.",
  "sources": [
    "https://hokudai-koko.sakura.ne.jp/kaap/objectives/"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-9a0686d68a5c9886270d",
  "name": "The exile of Anwar",
  "place_and_era": "Sonargaon in Bengal. The year is not known.",
  "attested": "Eaton reports an exile. Raja Ganesh sent Anwar to Sonargaon.",
  "unknown": "The source names Anwar. It does not name people who went with him. Whether this claim fits a case stays open.",
  "next_step": "Review the named exile under the case rule. Keep any wider group unknown.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#ch03"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-2f9948ca7ed3034851f1",
  "name": "The exile and return of Ala al-Haq",
  "place_and_era": "From the capital to Sonargaon. The year is not known.",
  "attested": "Eaton reports that Sultan Sikandar sent Ala al-Haq into exile. He states that the exile ended after several years. Ala al-Haq was then free to return.",
  "unknown": "Eaton cites a Sufi text for this claim. The exile names one man. Whether this claim fits a case stays open.",
  "next_step": "Review the exile and return as one claim. Keep the later return in view.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#ch03"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-2da57c7ac359c04eb6b8",
  "name": "The forced move of Tawwama",
  "place_and_era": "From Delhi to Sonargaon. The year is not known.",
  "attested": "A note in Eaton reports an exile. The Delhi court sent Tawwama to Sonargaon.",
  "unknown": "The note names Tawwama, not his followers. It gives no year for the exile or return. Whether this claim fits a case stays open.",
  "next_step": "Review the named exile under the case rule. Keep the earlier move from Bukhara separate.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#ch03"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-9720246c7258e29a6118",
  "name": "The capture of Sylhet",
  "place_and_era": "Sylhet town in Bengal.",
  "attested": "Eaton cites a stone text for this claim. It names Sikandar Khan Ghazi as the conqueror. It puts the capture in 1303 or 1304.",
  "unknown": "Ibn Battuta saw Shah Jalal much later. This visit does not attest to the earlier capture. The first site of the stone is not clear.",
  "next_step": "Review the town control claim on its own. Keep the saint and the conqueror separate.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#ch03"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-c1e91896e52fdf15658b",
  "name": "A temple site in Deva Mahal",
  "place_and_era": "Deva Mahal, a port in Bengal.",
  "attested": "A late account names Jalal al-Din Tabrizi. It says that he pulled down a temple. It says that a Sufi rest house took its place.",
  "unknown": "Eaton sees a later model of conquest in this account. The exact year is not known. Land bought for a kitchen is a separate claim.",
  "next_step": "Review the claim and its source limits. Keep the temple site and bought land separate.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#ch03"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-2a5dcc027f5fec577747",
  "name": "A question about Shah Jalal and his followers",
  "place_and_era": "Sylhet and the Bengal frontier.",
  "attested": "Eaton cites a later account of Shah Jalal and his followers. It reports shares and leave to marry. Eaton links these to homes and local ties.",
  "unknown": "The people and their rights remain unclear. Marriage or a new home does not prove forced removal. The town capture is a related but separate claim.",
  "next_step": "Trace the people and the rights in the account. Keep any link to the town capture open.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#ch03"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-185e249f21e1d35a4d62",
  "name": "A crop levy near Habiganj",
  "place_and_era": "Near Habiganj in Bengal.",
  "attested": "Eaton cites a report by Ibn Battuta. It describes local people who grew crops. The report calls them non-Muslims under protection. A levy took a share of their crop.",
  "unknown": "This is a tax report. It does not state a loss of land or homes. Any change in local rights stays open.",
  "next_step": "Review the local rights and the levy. Keep a tax claim apart from land loss.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#ch03"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-833c7314ebdddbdd7580",
  "name": "Kaikaus and southeast Bengal",
  "place_and_era": "Southeast Bengal. The report dates the conquest to 1291.",
  "attested": "Eaton reports a conquest under Kaikaus and a change in rule.",
  "unknown": "The local rights and the fate of the people remain unknown.",
  "next_step": "Prepare this case for the atlas. Its local effects and later history stay unknown.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#ch04"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-d400fb5ed3cd4c21d810",
  "name": "A conquest at Sonargaon",
  "place_and_era": "Sonargaon in Bengal. The report concerns a medieval reign.",
  "attested": "Eaton reports that Fakhr al-Din took control of Sonargaon.",
  "unknown": "The date of the act and its effect on local people remain unknown.",
  "next_step": "Define the tract and the change in control.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#ch04"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-ec8d14a751a53edbca3e",
  "name": "A conquest in Kamrup",
  "place_and_era": "Kamrup. The report dates the conquest to 1358.",
  "attested": "Eaton reports that Sikandar took control of Kamrup.",
  "unknown": "The local rights and the fate of the people remain unknown.",
  "next_step": "Keep this conquest apart from the later report under Husain Shah.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#ch04"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-e12ae72a6822e4f0287a",
  "name": "New rule in east Bengal",
  "place_and_era": "East Bengal. The report dates the new conquest to 1420.",
  "attested": "Eaton reports a new conquest after a revolt. He names Jalal al-Din Muhammad as the ruler.",
  "unknown": "The tract and its link to the Deva revolt remain unclear.",
  "next_step": "Define the tract and the change in control. Keep the two reports apart.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#ch04"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-ea9fb758c57a80f27e52",
  "name": "Nobles and homes in the capital",
  "place_and_era": "Bengal. The date of the residence rule is unknown.",
  "attested": "Eaton states that nobles had to keep homes in the capital.",
  "unknown": "The report does not state how this rule changed their other homes.",
  "next_step": "Define the residence rule and its effect on homes.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#ch04"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-cd6fa120352329192847",
  "name": "Property after a noble died",
  "place_and_era": "Bengal. The date of the property rule is unknown.",
  "attested": "Eaton describes a rule that gave half the property to the crown when a noble died.",
  "unknown": "The report does not state which rights or land this rule affected.",
  "next_step": "Define the property rights and the effect of the rule.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#ch04"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-769747489590c60dba77",
  "name": "Homes and fields at Hirakud",
  "place_and_era": "Near Sambalpur, India. The book gives figures for 1954-55 and a summer 1955 start.",
  "attested": "The book reports state-led moves as water covered homes and fields near Sambalpur. The book also reports plans to flood some land in Madhya Pradesh. Some buyers got less land as prices rose.",
  "unknown": "The last move dates and later returns remain unclear. The book does not show full payment or new land for all people. Land rights for each person remain unclear.",
  "next_step": "Prepare this case for the atlas. Its final move dates and later outcomes stay unclear.",
  "sources": [
    "https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/26184"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-bf8bee6c5ea92dfd6b7b",
  "name": "Ban on cutting trees",
  "place_and_era": "Seraikella State, India. The start date is unknown; fieldwork took place in 1925.",
  "attested": "The authors say the State did not allow the Ho to cut trees. They link the lack of firewood to a change from cremation to burial.",
  "unknown": "The start date, reach and enforcement of the ban are unknown here. The account does not establish eviction or loss of homes.",
  "next_step": "Assess the loss of resource use as a separate unit. Keep the ban report apart from its stated link to funeral rites.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.10280"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-eadd62ac5bee1571001c",
  "name": "Burial ban at Paharpur",
  "place_and_era": "Seraikella area, India. The event date is unknown; fieldwork took place in 1925.",
  "attested": "The authors use kili as a term for clan. The authors say the Mundri kili took control of a burial ground once linked to the Haiburu kili. They say the site no longer allowed Haiburu burial.",
  "unknown": "The source does not state how or when the site changed hands. It does not establish force, deaths or loss of homes.",
  "next_step": "Assess the loss of burial use under the atlas rules. Keep dates, force and effects on residents unknown unless supported.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.10280"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-2e1bc8c079cdb4b68c08",
  "name": "Homes at Hulas",
  "place_and_era": "Hulas, northern India. The report describes homes from Harappan times and later periods. Dates remain uncertain.",
  "attested": "Excavators found homes, hearths and rebuilt floors. The report places later homes north of an earlier settlement.",
  "unknown": "The report does not state why the earlier settlement ended. It does not state whether anyone forced people out or where they went.",
  "next_step": "Examine why use of the old homes ended. Examine how later people came to use nearby land.",
  "sources": [
    "https://asi.nic.in/pdf/EXCAVATIONS-AT-HULAS.pdf"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-e81e2c5ceaa4005bd3f3",
  "name": "Sirsukh foundation and land control",
  "place_and_era": "Near Taxila, now in Pakistan. Ancient era; the event year is unknown.",
  "attested": "Marshall says Kushan rulers left Sirkap and built a new walled city at Sirsukh.",
  "unknown": "The account does not establish a loss of prior land use or control. Forced moves from Sirkap also remain unproven.",
  "next_step": "Find whether the new city caused or secured a loss of prior land use or control.",
  "sources": []
},
{
  "id": "ledger-df0a55e0eebde5e6e560",
  "name": "Breaks in use at Volivoli II",
  "place_and_era": "Volivoli II shelter, Viti Levu, Fiji. The dates of the breaks are unknown.",
  "attested": "Anderson and Clark infer repeated use of this shelter, with breaks when people left it.",
  "unknown": "The deposits do not show why use stopped or whether people lost access.",
  "next_step": "Find whether an act caused people to lose use of, or access to, this shelter.",
  "sources": [
    "https://doi.org/10.22459/TA31.12.2009.05"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-ca336a9229fd1200c9d4",
  "name": "Ugaga land gift",
  "place_and_era": "Ugaga is an island in Fiji. The gift dates to around 1830. The account notes later claims in 1997.",
  "attested": "The account says Ugaga was a gift to the Vunivalu of Serua. The gift paid for the defence of Naceva against Rukua.",
  "unknown": "The account does not establish which prior rights changed. Claims noted in 1997 do not settle rights today.",
  "next_step": "Find which prior rights to land, use or access changed through this gift.",
  "sources": [
    "https://doi.org/10.22459/TA31.12.2009.05"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-b932393011156fca42c5",
  "name": "Huron villages forced to move",
  "place_and_era": "Huron villages in northeast North America. A report from 1615 describes a retreat before that year.",
  "attested": "Keener reports that Onondaga attacks forced Huron villages to move. The former sites are not known.",
  "unknown": "The move year, routes and later fate of all those who moved remain unknown.",
  "next_step": "Keep this retreat apart from the later Huron and Petun defeats.",
  "sources": [
    "https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/etd/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=osu148795159550333"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-b2a10934de5273f29845",
  "name": "A fort burned at Stadocona",
  "place_and_era": "Stadocona, in the St. Lawrence area. The source dates the attack to 1533.",
  "attested": "Keener reports that Toudamans attacked and burned a fort. People were driven from it and killed as they came out.",
  "unknown": "This attack does not fix the later fate of all St. Lawrence peoples. The source uses more than one way to state the losses.",
  "next_step": "Keep this fort attack apart from the wider loss of St. Lawrence towns.",
  "sources": [
    "https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/etd/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=osu148795159550333"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-7fb6c2d5d126d1cb7bce",
  "name": "Loss of a Mohawk village",
  "place_and_era": "A Mohawk village. Keener dates its loss to 1626 but does not name the site.",
  "attested": "Keener reports that Mahican forces destroyed this village.",
  "unknown": "The source does not fix where all its people went, or when a return was possible.",
  "next_step": "Trace later use of the village site. Do not assume that all Mohawk people left.",
  "sources": [
    "https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/etd/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=osu148795159550333"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-4cfcb7e9f0d4f563ea0c",
  "name": "Capture of a Fire Nation village",
  "place_and_era": "A walled Fire Nation village. The source dates the siege to 1642.",
  "attested": "Keener reports that Neutral forces took the village after a siege. The account reports deaths and captives.",
  "unknown": "The exact site and later fate of all captives remain unknown. Fire Nation is the source name.",
  "next_step": "Keep the capture apart from later attacks on Neutral villages.",
  "sources": [
    "https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/etd/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=osu148795159550333"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-dcc766e1b0cabcd92975",
  "name": "A lost village of the Susquehannock people",
  "place_and_era": "A Susquehannock village. The source dates its loss to July 1652 and marks the place as uncertain.",
  "attested": "Keener lists the village as destroyed. The entry also reports captives and Iroquois deaths.",
  "unknown": "The exact site, later use and fate of all residents remain unknown.",
  "next_step": "Keep this loss apart from the reported move into Maryland in 1675.",
  "sources": [
    "https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/etd/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=osu148795159550333"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-e4225f206ee3fe1e5b53",
  "name": "Loss of a Seneca village",
  "place_and_era": "A Seneca village. The source dates this loss to June 1654.",
  "attested": "Keener reports its destruction in a clash between Iroquois and Erie forces. The entry says Seneca warriors lost.",
  "unknown": "The order of the group names does not fix who attacked. Later use of the site remains unknown.",
  "next_step": "Keep this loss apart from later attacks on Erie places.",
  "sources": [
    "https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/etd/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=osu148795159550333"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-ba57dafa68341ee3f0c5",
  "name": "Assault on a defended place in 1660",
  "place_and_era": "A place held by a French force. Keener dates the assault to 1660 but does not name the site here.",
  "attested": "Keener reports that attackers used shields and broke into the walled place. Its defenders were killed or captured.",
  "unknown": "This does not prove that a whole town was forced out. A table entry has a possible link to this clash. That link is not settled.",
  "next_step": "Keep the place use and the possible table link distinct.",
  "sources": [
    "https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/etd/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=osu148795159550333"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-94b1990642ea9d9900ef",
  "name": "A lost village of the Abenaki people",
  "place_and_era": "An Abenaki village in New England. The source dates its loss to late 1661.",
  "attested": "Keener lists the village as destroyed.",
  "unknown": "The exact site, later use and fate of all residents remain unknown.",
  "next_step": "Trace this village loss. Do not treat it as the fate of all Abenaki people.",
  "sources": [
    "https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/etd/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=osu148795159550333"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-964bcbbc711f51ff15dc",
  "name": "Mohawk villages destroyed after people left",
  "place_and_era": "Mohawk villages in Iroquoia. The source dates the French attack to 1666.",
  "attested": "Keener reports that French forces destroyed villages after their people left. His table lists four villages.",
  "unknown": "The attack does not explain why people first left. Whether a return was possible remains open.",
  "next_step": "Keep the destruction and the cause of the earlier departure separate.",
  "sources": [
    "https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/etd/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=osu148795159550333"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-f3d6d8a91e48b250a0d3",
  "name": "A Fox village destroyed",
  "place_and_era": "A Fox village in the Great Lakes area. The source dates its loss to March 1670.",
  "attested": "Keener reports that Seneca forces destroyed the village. He also reports captives and deaths.",
  "unknown": "The exact site, later use and fate of all residents remain unknown.",
  "next_step": "Keep this village loss apart from later settler expansion in the region.",
  "sources": [
    "https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/etd/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=osu148795159550333"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-7f8ced998311466d1837",
  "name": "Damage to property held by the French",
  "place_and_era": "The source dates this clash to July 1688. It does not give a full account of the French property.",
  "attested": "Keener reports extensive damage to French property in a clash.",
  "unknown": "The account does not say which homes, land or other property were harmed. The link to loss of place use remains open.",
  "next_step": "Find what property was harmed and what use of a place was lost.",
  "sources": [
    "https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/etd/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=osu148795159550333"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-12fef6c1b7afe3caf5c8",
  "name": "French settlements burned near Montreal",
  "place_and_era": "French settlements near Montreal. The source dates this attack to November 1689.",
  "attested": "Keener reports that settlements were burned.",
  "unknown": "The exact bounds, later use and fate of all residents remain unknown. This is not the same claim as French farm expansion.",
  "next_step": "Trace later use of these places. Do not assume that all residents left.",
  "sources": [
    "https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/etd/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=osu148795159550333"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-9515a43d25dc85fa755d",
  "name": "Recovery of lands in the 1680s",
  "place_and_era": "Some lands once taken by Iroquois forces. Keener describes their recovery by the 1680s.",
  "attested": "Keener reports that their opponents won back some lands.",
  "unknown": "He does not name the tracts or set out a full return of former residents.",
  "next_step": "Find which lands and changes in control this report describes.",
  "sources": [
    "https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/etd/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=osu148795159550333"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-f6402fd8d16df74512ab",
  "name": "Barrie village formation and earlier land use",
  "place_and_era": "Simcoe County, Ontario. Sutton places the village at about 1280 to 1330 CE. A test on maize gave a later date.",
  "attested": "Sutton reports houses, middens and evidence of crops and food use. He argues that migrants founded a permanent village and kept links to groups farther south.",
  "unknown": "The report does not identify the exact source community. The rights and fate of earlier users remain unclear. It does not establish a forced move. The final abandonment of the village is also unclear.",
  "next_step": "Trace earlier use and the later history of the same village tract. Keep the date conflict and gaps in local rights evidence visible.",
  "sources": [
    "https://ontarioarchaeology.org/wp-content/uploads/oa067-03_sutton.pdf"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-01ad64df6e2d73eb8316",
  "name": "How life in the hilltop villages at Sanganakallu changed",
  "place_and_era": "These hill sites lie in south India. Use declined from about 1400 to 1200 BCE. Some activity lasted later.",
  "attested": "The study finds that hilltop villages and craft sites fell out of use. Its authors link the change to water access and social choices. People still used nearby plains and a rock shelter.",
  "unknown": "The study does not settle whether people moved away or their numbers fell. It does not establish forced removal or loss of land access.",
  "next_step": "Trace how residence and land use changed. Abandonment alone does not show forced removal.",
  "sources": [
    "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-015-0240-9"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-5d1ef97ef186a013c87e",
  "name": "Water access and shared places in southern India",
  "place_and_era": "The study covers the Tungabhadra and Krishna river regions in south India. It looks at changes from about 1200 BCE.",
  "attested": "The authors discuss elite use of once-shared places and control of water access. They link these changes to new social relations.",
  "unknown": "Which uses and access changed in each place, and how this affected people, remain open.",
  "next_step": "Study changes in shared use and water access apart from changes in hilltop life.",
  "sources": [
    "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-015-0240-9"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-cc5c7fae5b54cf51b033",
  "name": "Later homes near Horseshoe Lake",
  "place_and_era": "This study concerns Horseshoe Lake in Illinois. The lake is near Cahokia. It traces later use from about 1400 to 1700.",
  "attested": "The study finds renewed Indigenous use by about 1500. It points to growth toward about 1650. In the authors' view, hunts are one possible use.",
  "unknown": "The lake evidence does not name each group or explain each move. The roles of climate, disease and human movement remain unclear. It does not by itself show forced removal.",
  "next_step": "Study changes in local homes and land use. Keep earlier lake users distinct from later named groups.",
  "sources": [
    "https://doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2019.103"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-41ab35522d4c20e48ec4",
  "name": "A pressured move to Horseshoe Lake",
  "place_and_era": "This question concerns a reported move in 1735 from a mission near Cahokia to Horseshoe Lake. Later questions concern 1752 and the first half of the 1800s.",
  "attested": "White and colleagues report a move by Cahokia group members in 1735. They link it to tensions with French colonists. They also report forced moves to Oklahoma in the first half of the 1800s. This later account concerns former local residents and their descendants.",
  "unknown": "The source leaves the pressure on each household and terms of land use unclear. A possible departure in 1752 and later land uses remain separate questions. The Oklahoma report is not yet matched to one removal episode.",
  "next_step": "Trace the pressured move and changes in home and land use. Keep later departure and forced removal questions open and distinct.",
  "sources": [
    "https://doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2019.103"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-8767aca38e4c714a7306",
  "name": "Failed western advance and divided return",
  "place_and_era": "Westward country and the Red River, glossed as the Colorado, then a return journey. The cold Ocean People country is unknown. North America; the event date and era are unknown. Smith told the account, and Allison translated it. It was written down in 1935.",
  "attested": "Smith describes a force that went west and destroyed groups it met. It then failed against Ocean People who defended houses in a cold country. The Wooshkam met and chose to withdraw to avoid the loss of their people.\n\nOn the way back, kin followed a child toward the far bank of the river. The water closed and split them from the others. Siuuhu told them to make homes there and become kin of the Yumas. He told the others to return to won land. He also called for Wooshkam and Hohokam to work together.",
  "unknown": "The cold country, full route, place where water boiled and modern identities of the Ocean People and separated kin remain unclear. The call for Yuma kinship is not a full ancestry record. The won land has no exact bounds here. Failed attack, earlier destruction and divided homes are different outcomes. Attempts to cross and pauses do not fix an event calendar.",
  "next_step": "Keep the destructive advance, failed attack, retreat and different homes on return distinct. Use those different outcomes to define the movement.",
  "sources": []
},
{
  "id": "ledger-f45f8d72a29a2e172115",
  "name": "Great-house losses, captives and survivors",
  "place_and_era": "Casa Grande, Casa Blanca, Snaketown and other named homes in what is now Arizona. Some site links are uncertain. The event date and era are unknown. Smith told the account, and Allison translated it. It was written down in 1935 and edited by Bahr in 1994.",
  "attested": "Smith gives different fates for homes and people. Casa Grande residents fled to a mountain, where they were killed; battle did not wreck the house. Casa Blanca defenders shot through holes in the walls before the house fell. Some Snaketown people fled west; others stayed before its houses were destroyed. At the house with an ocotillo base, some people were killed and the rest captured.\n\nAnother house near Guadalupe was destroyed. At Pueblo Grande a leader kept his own people inside a house that seemed to be stone. The house was later destroyed. The account links this to the fall of another house at La Ciudad.\n\nThe force captured people, debated their deaths, guarded them and sent captives against a sharpshooter from their own side. Smith has people secretly shelter the child of a chief after defeat. The Thin Leather version in Russell instead has a grandson found and later sold. Commentary describes Wooshkam and Hohokam survivors as mixed groups. The force expressly spared Hohokam who fled toward Big Mountain.\n\nThe story also has groups lose and regain an advantage in the hunt as they travel. A woman supplies arrows to a company short of arms, with many losses.",
  "unknown": "Siivan or Sivern appears in two death passages; whether these concern the same chief remains unclear. Child versus grandson and care versus capture and sale are separate versions. The captive passages need not concern one group throughout. Site and chief links are tentative, and survivor groups do not map straight onto modern peoples. Thin Leather is one narrator, even where his versions differ.\n\nThese different losses, new ties and refuge do not prove full replacement or safety for all. Local battle lengths do not fix an event calendar. Hayden gives an environmental account, and Bahr links sites; these remain their own views.",
  "next_step": "Set bounds for the linked episodes at the named homes. Keep captive service, survivors who join other groups and spared refuge as explicit outcomes.",
  "sources": []
},
{
  "id": "ledger-e85868cff4dd38b3e00f",
  "name": "Home choices after victory in the Dolores version",
  "place_and_era": "The house of Siwani, river land and land below Baboquivari, North America. The event date and era are unknown. Dolores collected this version. Bahr presents it through the work of Saxton and Saxton, published in 1973.",
  "attested": "In this version, I'itoi gathered people to fight Siwani; others joined on the way. He promised the first killer a choice of land for a home. Rattlesnake killed first. The attackers wrecked the house of Siwani and destroyed his people. Rattlesnake chose Rattlesnake House.\n\nFarmers from the far south took river land, while hunters took land below Baboquivari. The account calls them River People and Desert People from that time.",
  "unknown": "Exact bounds, length of stay and the fate of all earlier residents are unknown. The link between Rattlesnake House and Snaketown is tentative. The source names do not give a full map of modern ancestry. This version and longer conquest accounts need not refer to separate events.",
  "next_step": "Keep the linked home choices and different land uses together. Keep the link to longer conquest versions explicit.",
  "sources": []
},
{
  "id": "ledger-74dd2a3b14d96cd01b1e",
  "name": "Homes and departure in the Font account",
  "place_and_era": "Casa Grande, in what is now Arizona, North America. The event date and era are unknown. Font wrote down this account from a governor in 1775. Bahr published this version in 1994.",
  "attested": "The governor of Uturituc told Font that Bitter Man came with his daughter and son-in-law. Bitter Man built the great-house, got roof beams and grew crops there. Wind and Storm-cloud left his service, then came back and restored his crops. After many years, Bitter Man and his companions left.\n\nIn a separate story, the governor described people who spread upstream and downstream under the Drinker. They had different languages and relations.",
  "unknown": "The last departure has no stated cause or named next residents. The separate Drinker story is not its stated cause. The link to later great-house accounts, archaeological Hohokam or modern groups remains unclear. The governor stopped the stories after the Spanish listeners laughed.",
  "next_step": "Keep the last departure apart from the separate story of people who spread out. Trace their effects on homes and links to other great-house accounts.",
  "sources": []
},
{
  "id": "ledger-e58ab05490b11cd9d9a9",
  "name": "Homes and group separation near Komatke",
  "place_and_era": "Near Komatke, glossed as Estrella Mountain in Arizona, North America. The event date and era are unknown. Smith told the account, and Allison translated it. It was written down in 1935.",
  "attested": "Smith says the Wooshkam made homes near Komatke after the war. A leader died, and his widow led the Horned Toad People. She fell ill while some people prepared to leave and others stayed. Her grandchildren cared for her. They buried her seated near the mountains. Those who stayed later moved toward a thicket.\n\nHendricks tells a different story about a grandmother. Two brothers ask her to agree to her death so they can keep pace with the people on the move. Tobacco later grows at her grave.",
  "unknown": "The fate of earlier holders, length of stay and sole use of the new homes are unclear. The two grandmother stories do not give one combined cause of death. Smith was unsure of the state of the grave when he told the story. New homes and a split in the group do not by themselves prove a further loss of land for earlier residents.",
  "next_step": "Keep the new homes and split in the group linked to the campaign and later movement. Keep the death versions distinct.",
  "sources": []
},
{
  "id": "ledger-0cc5c2b4c1328cfe3079",
  "name": "Jackrabbit Eater escape and new homes",
  "place_and_era": "Reported Jackrabbit Eater country and refuge to the south, North America. Exact places, event date and era are unknown. Smith told this account. Allison translated it, and Hayden wrote it down in 1935.",
  "attested": "Smith describes armed Wooshkam people on the move with families. They scout water, train and attack Sofch kah and Apaches on the way. A Jackrabbit Eater medicine woman called wind and rain, gathered her kin and escaped south. Pursuers failed to catch them. They destroyed another group they met. The last sentence describes new homes.\n\nThe next phase includes enemies spared for service and the capture, abuse and forced dance of Buzzard. Hendricks has Buzzard offer a scalp dance to survive. Thin Leather describes loss of the scalp, death and return to life. Hendricks also describes a wider circuit with battles and groups who left to settle. These include Papago in Sacaton Valley.",
  "unknown": "The last sentence has two possible senses. Wooshkam settled where defeated Jackrabbit Eaters lived, or Jackrabbit Eater refugees won land and made homes in Mexico. These are two ways to read one clause, not two proven outcomes. Earlier attacks lack a separate long-term effect on homes for each target.\n\nBuzzard has different fates and choices in Hendricks and Thin Leather. Their routes and episodes cannot simply be added to Smith. A year of drills and four-day spans do not fix a calendar or modern route.",
  "next_step": "Keep both senses of the clause about new homes open. Preserve escape, capture and survival as different outcomes within the movement.",
  "sources": []
},
{
  "id": "ledger-d8571bb8de9ebd69f386",
  "name": "Pima and Apache war, visits and peace",
  "place_and_era": "Reported Pima and Apache ties at farms, a shared place and Many-wells, glossed as Maricopa Wells, North America. The dates and eras of the episodes are unknown. This last part was written down with the Smith and Allison account in 1935.",
  "attested": "The last part describes peaceful visits in which Apaches shared food grown on Pima farms. War resumed after a mistake over a baby who cried. Chiefs met to stop the war.\n\nThe story then has a white man whose mules were stolen at Many-wells. A Pima attack on Apaches followed, and war resumed. The account ends when the Government stops the war and friendship returns.",
  "unknown": "People in a conflict are not thereby proven to be displaced or new settlers. The passage does not state the effect of each episode on homes or land transfers, or its full course. No stated link ties the peace deals, mule incident or Government role to a named colonial campaign. They do not date the earlier conquest.",
  "next_step": "Trace the shifts in visits, shared use and peace alongside war. Leave unstated effects on homes open.",
  "sources": []
},
{
  "id": "ledger-97b0befc364b7056ea53",
  "name": "War and departure in the Manje account",
  "place_and_era": "Casa Grande and other great-houses, North America. People reportedly left for the north, east and south. The event date and era are unknown. Manje wrote down this account from guides in 1694.",
  "attested": "The guides told Manje that people came from the north and built great-houses under El Siba. They described bloody war with Apache and allied fighters. People died on both sides, and the war laid waste to their homes. Those who lost heart left: some went back north, while others went east and south. Bahr presents the account through a quote published by Fewkes.",
  "unknown": "The guides do not name new settlers or give the later fate of each group that left. They do not say the attackers settled in the ruined places. Exact routes, modern identities and links to later revenge and conquest accounts remain unclear. The year 1694 dates the record, not the war.",
  "next_step": "Define the linked war and departure account. Trace its link to the other great-house stories before it counts as a separate event.",
  "sources": []
},
{
  "id": "ledger-bb8ec60ba91c49f4dec1",
  "name": "Antelope Creek: why people left",
  "place_and_era": "Texas Panhandle and the Canadian River valley. The source reports departure by the late 1400s. This is not an attack date.",
  "attested": "The National Park Service describes people who built homes, farmed and used flint quarries. It describes later settlement moves and departure from the region. It proposes drought, or pressure and attacks from groups it calls Apache ancestors, as possible causes.",
  "unknown": "The source does not establish forced clearance or a group that took control. Exact move dates, destinations and later land use remain unknown.",
  "next_step": "Test the proposed causes of the moves. Ask whether pressure or attacks forced people to leave homes, farms or quarries.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.nps.gov/alfl/learn/historyculture/antelope-creek-culture.htm"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-8445369b89d4e3e8dacd",
  "name": "Homes within the walls at Moundville",
  "place_and_era": "Moundville is on the Black Warrior River in Alabama. The source dates this change to about 1200 to 1300.",
  "attested": "The authors describe a new town with walls and a planned layout. Builders cleared earlier structures for it. They took Mound X out of use to clear a path for the wall. People moved inside the walls. The authors link this move to a need for defense.",
  "unknown": "The account does not establish forced moves or the expulsion of prior users. The builders' authority and the residents' choices remain unclear.",
  "next_step": "Examine who chose the new layout and the moves. Ask how those choices changed prior use of the site.",
  "sources": []
},
{
  "id": "ledger-6ecef61d840fa7b22041",
  "name": "Homes and graves at Moundville",
  "place_and_era": "Moundville is on the Black Warrior River in Alabama. The authors date the move to after about 1300.",
  "attested": "The authors say most residents left the center, probably for farms in the valley. Former home areas became grave sites. Some people stayed at the center, and farms remained in use. One possible cause is a choice by leaders to empty the center. The authors also propose soil depletion and a lack of wood, or less threat of attack. These causes can act together.",
  "unknown": "The authors do not choose one cause. They do not establish that leaders forced people out. Exact routes and household choices remain unknown.",
  "next_step": "Examine the three proposed causes together. Ask how they changed where people lived and used the site.",
  "sources": []
},
{
  "id": "ledger-d9f52ae9fe7b60a2feb9",
  "name": "War and the loss of valley residents",
  "place_and_era": "The Black Warrior River valley is in Alabama. The authors date this loss to about 1650.",
  "attested": "The authors say people lived in valley villages until about 1650. They link the loss of residents to war pressure across the region. They describe the valley as a buffer between proto-Creeks to the east and Choctaws to the west.",
  "unknown": "The account does not show what happened to all residents. Exact moves, routes and later control remain unknown. The account does not establish a death toll or new settlers. The source does not name attackers for specific villages.",
  "next_step": "Examine how war pressure changed homes and use of the valley. Keep this loss separate from the earlier moves at Moundville.",
  "sources": []
},
{
  "id": "ledger-f33a9ccf822bd52cbd92",
  "name": "Land grants in the Khadar",
  "place_and_era": "The Khadar east of the mounds at Hastinapura. Lal calls the grants recent but gives no year.",
  "attested": "Lal reports that the Uttar Pradesh government reclaimed this tract for crops. It allotted land to displaced people from West Panjab and to former servicemen. The report also describes new villages and a planned town.",
  "unknown": "Lal does not name the prior owners or users of this tract. He gives no account of their consent or fate. The area, date, terms and number of grants remain open. The report does not say if the two groups overlap.",
  "next_step": "Ask how the grants changed prior land use and the rights of those who used the tract.",
  "sources": [
    "https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/18158.pdf"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-9368b9ba307d2010d84b",
  "name": "Fire and later use of the town",
  "place_and_era": "At Hastinapura, a fire marks the end of Period III. Its exact year is unknown.",
  "attested": "Lal reports burned walls, floors and roof material from the trenches. He describes fire on a large scale. Later residents built homes and used the town again after a gap.",
  "unknown": "The cause of the fire remains unknown. The report gives no count of deaths or people who left. It does not identify the fire with the plot to burn the Pandavas in a house. The report does not establish a human attack.",
  "next_step": "Ask what caused the fire and how it changed the lives and homes of the people there.",
  "sources": [
    "https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/18158.pdf"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-a54a6b1a59777cff9e29",
  "name": "New homes and old bricks at Hastinapura",
  "place_and_era": "Hastinapura after a long gap in use. The report places new homes near the end of the eleventh century.",
  "attested": "Lal describes new homes and the reuse of bricks from older structures. He thought Muslim conquerors brought the later craft of glazed pottery. He also notes local copies of foreign forms. The dates for the new homes and that craft differ.",
  "unknown": "The report does not tie these changes to one local conquest. It does not identify a group of new arrivals or show that people lost their homes. The prior owners and their fate remain unknown.",
  "next_step": "Keep the new homes and the later pottery craft as distinct questions about use of the site.",
  "sources": [
    "https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/18158.pdf"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-45540936e7f7e44cfe31",
  "name": "Accounts of a town and a divided kingdom",
  "place_and_era": "The area around Hastinapura in the accounts that Lal cites. Their event dates remain open.",
  "attested": "Lal cites accounts in which Hastin founded the town or enlarged an older town. They describe Kuru rule over more land and branch kingdoms. They also describe Dhritarashtra as the king who split the kingdom between two related families.",
  "unknown": "The report does not resolve whether Hastin founded the town or enlarged an older town. It does not give clear borders or explain the effect on prior residents. These accounts involve distinct rulers and acts. Pottery does not prove the named rulers or their control of land.",
  "next_step": "Ask how each account describes a change in land control or use of the town.",
  "sources": [
    "https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/18158.pdf"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-d65b08208157ad23aca0",
  "name": "Exile and a request for a place to live",
  "place_and_era": "The Pandavas in the accounts linked to Hastinapura. The village names vary, and the year is unknown.",
  "attested": "Lal cites accounts of the Pandavas in exile and their request for at least five villages as a place to live. He also recounts a plot to burn them in a house, war, deaths and retaliation. These remain accounts of distinct acts in the conflict.",
  "unknown": "The report does not establish that the Pandavas received the villages. It does not tell us if prior residents lost land or homes. A plot does not prove that the planned act took place. These accounts do not identify that plot with the fire in Period III.",
  "next_step": "Ask how exile affected their homes and whether the request led to a grant of land.",
  "sources": [
    "https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/18158.pdf"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-88ce920afe8496707a23",
  "name": "A flood account and a change of capital",
  "place_and_era": "From Hastinapura to Kausambi in an account that Lal cites. The date and the route remain unknown.",
  "attested": "Lal cites an account in which the king Nichakshu moved the capital to Kausambi after a flood at Hastinapura. He also reports flood damage in the trenches and proposes a link to that account. He thought the flood caused great loss of life and property, distress and a time when people left the town. Later homes mark a return to the town.",
  "unknown": "The link between the flood and the capital move remains tentative. Lal gives no count of deaths or a full account of who left. The report does not establish a human attack, a forced move or loss of rights at either place.",
  "next_step": "Ask who moved with the capital, while the link to the excavated flood remains open.",
  "sources": [
    "https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/18158.pdf"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-5d2426a73dfa24e32f4e",
  "name": "The fort at Sisupalgarh changed access.",
  "place_and_era": "Sisupalgarh lies near Bhuvanesvar in eastern India. Lal places its use at about 300 BCE to 350 CE. He dates the first fort walls to about 200 BCE.",
  "attested": "Lal reports that people lived here before the fort walls. Builders made and repaired walls, gates, roads and homes. Cart tracks mark use of the gateway. A brick wall later closed a side passage. Homes and other uses continued through several phases.",
  "unknown": "The builders, their aims and the reason for the closed passage remain unknown. The report does not establish that these acts forced people from their homes or land. Their effects on the rights of prior users remain open. A storm is one possible cause of damage at the gate. Continued use does not prove that every resident stayed.",
  "next_step": "Ask how the fort walls and the closed side passage changed access for prior residents and other users.",
  "sources": [
    "https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/18136.pdf"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-420e552878a6cc6e2e7b",
  "name": "Moves from Jefferson County",
  "place_and_era": "Jefferson County is in northern New York. The authors place the dispersal around 1500, but its exact date is unknown.",
  "attested": "The authors propose that some groups built new communities north of the Saint Lawrence. They report that other groups joined communities in the Trent Valley or among eastern Haudenosaunee. Their pottery study traces changes in links between sites.",
  "unknown": "The study does not establish what caused each move. Conflict is one proposed cause. Pottery links do not count migrants or prove that force made every resident leave.",
  "next_step": "Trace the reported moves and changes in village use. Keep possible conflict and incorporation distinct from the network results.",
  "sources": [
    "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5550228/"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-ecd9aedfce07d4e9461e",
  "name": "Later moves from the Saint Lawrence valley",
  "place_and_era": "The account concerns communities in the Saint Lawrence valley. The authors place a move east around 1550. They report trade with Basque fishers until about 1580.",
  "attested": "The authors report the move east and continued exchange. They propose that later groups joined Algonquian groups to the north and west. Other proposed moves led south to Abenaki groups.",
  "unknown": "The authors suggest that warfare sped up the loss of residents. The study does not establish the cause of each move. It does not show that everyone died or that all use of the valley ended.",
  "next_step": "Ask how people moved and whether they joined other groups. Keep this question separate from the earlier Jefferson County moves and the attack at Stadocona.",
  "sources": [
    "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5550228/"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-cb5c7f1ea439423ae6ab",
  "name": "Earlier moves from the Mesa Verde region",
  "place_and_era": "The authors place these moves in the late 900s CE. They describe southwest Colorado and the northern edge of the Mesa Verde region. Possible destinations lie in New Mexico.",
  "attested": "The authors report that many residents left the central Mesa Verde region. They describe earlier homes, farms and village growth. They report moves to its northern edge, and perhaps to the San Juan Basin and Chuska slopes.",
  "unknown": "The source does not show why each group left or who went where. It does not establish forced moves or loss of land rights. A later chapter separates early departures, renewed use of some old villages, and the spread of household compounds. How these phases relate to the date in this study remains unresolved.",
  "next_step": "Examine the cited studies for evidence of departure and later homes. Keep these earlier moves separate from later moves to the northern Rio Grande.",
  "sources": [
    "https://rex.libraries.wsu.edu/esploro/outputs/journalArticle/Obsidian-Evidence-of-Interaction-and-Migration/99900503085801842"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-2270c7c165ee0faf49bf",
  "name": "Moves between Mesa Verde and the northern Rio Grande",
  "place_and_era": "The study concerns southwest Colorado and north-central New Mexico. The authors place the later moves in the 1200s CE. Some early departures were possible before then.",
  "attested": "The authors link departures from the Mesa Verde region with growth on the Pajarito Plateau. They argue that some early migrants returned with obsidian and knowledge of places where people already lived. They also cite warfare as the region lost residents.",
  "unknown": "Objects do not identify each traveler or prove return visits. The cause of these moves and their effects on prior land use remain unknown. Counts of obsidian are not counts of migrants.",
  "next_step": "Examine the cited settlement evidence for the proposed return visits. Ask how objects moved, and how new and prior residents used these places.",
  "sources": [
    "https://rex.libraries.wsu.edu/esploro/outputs/journalArticle/Obsidian-Evidence-of-Interaction-and-Migration/99900503085801842"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-93634a113f4bf8a51466",
  "name": "A blind prince leaves his post and home",
  "place_and_era": "The tale links Taxila with the royal capital of the father of Kunala. The event date is unknown.",
  "attested": "In this tale, a forged order leads to the loss of the sight of Kunala. He leaves his post and travels with his wife as a beggar. They reach the capital of his father, who learns what took place.",
  "unknown": "The order calls for the pair to be left in the hills. The tale does not confirm that every part of that order takes place.",
  "next_step": "Distinguish the forged order from the acts that the tale reports. Keep the later exile of other people separate.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archive.org/details/siyukibuddhistre01hsuoft"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-68feed91e5c1ffd765df",
  "name": "A king loses his country and flees",
  "place_and_era": "A shrine in Udyana marks this tale. It does not locate the country that the king lost. The event date is unknown.",
  "attested": "Beal translates a tale of a king in a past life. He loses rule of his country and flees an enemy. He then offers himself bound as a captive so a poor man can claim a reward.",
  "unknown": "The tale does not name the lost country or give the fate of its residents. It does not confirm the later delivery of the captive.",
  "next_step": "Keep the lost country separate from the shrine. Trace the loss, flight and later offer as parts of one tale.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archive.org/details/siyukibuddhistre01hsuoft"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-a806885a30176ab70672",
  "name": "A priest turns back at a river",
  "place_and_era": "The tale concerns a priest on his way back to Kasmir. The event date is unknown.",
  "attested": "In this relic tale, boatmen blame a sacred tooth for danger. Their master searches the goods of a priest. The priest gives the tooth to Nagas and turns back. He later returns and takes it to a home for priests.",
  "unknown": "It is unclear whether people force him to stop or he turns back in response to sacred danger. The tale does not establish a wider expulsion.",
  "next_step": "Distinguish the search by people from the role of Nagas in the tale. Ask what action stops his passage.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archive.org/details/siyukibuddhistre01hsuoft"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-64c8e822271079fcb2bf",
  "name": "A refugee takes rule in Udyana",
  "place_and_era": "The tale concerns Udyana, in South Asia. The event date is unknown.",
  "attested": "In this tale, hosts receive a Sakya refugee and offer him a home. A host gives him a hidden sword. He kills the local king, and the officials yield rule to him.",
  "unknown": "The tale gives no general expulsion of residents. It does not establish a modern identity for the hosts, whom it calls Nagas.",
  "next_step": "Keep the prior king and residents in view. Ask what changes for them when the refugee takes rule.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archive.org/details/siyukibuddhistre01hsuoft"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-741f8673f4f98dcf63e8",
  "name": "A reported move toward Nepal",
  "place_and_era": "Beal discusses people called Vrijji and a move toward the mountains of Nepal. The event date is unknown.",
  "attested": "Beal relays an account in which a king checks this group and drives it northeast. His account also links the group to invaders. The group and its role remain uncertain.",
  "unknown": "It is unclear whether residents lose their homes or an army retreats. A shared name or place does not establish a modern people.",
  "next_step": "Ask who moves and what prior residence or use they lose. Keep the reported force without an assumed mass exile.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archive.org/details/siyukibuddhistre01hsuoft"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-97640509b5b620fd745d",
  "name": "A ruler tries to keep a pilgrim",
  "place_and_era": "Beal places this episode at Kao-chang on the westward route of Hiuen Tsiang. The precise event date is unknown.",
  "attested": "Beal reports that the ruler tries to keep the pilgrim at Kao-chang. The pilgrim then goes on. The account also describes aid, guides and obstacles along his route.",
  "unknown": "It is unclear whether the ruler imposes a stay or fails in an attempt to retain him. The account does not establish a wider removal.",
  "next_step": "Ask whether an actual loss of passage or choice of home occurs. Keep an attempt distinct from an imposed stay.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archive.org/details/siyukibuddhistre01hsuoft"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-0390d54590e600753eb6",
  "name": "A siege and loss of rule at Taxila",
  "place_and_era": "Beal gives this account in a note about Taxila, in South Asia. The event date is unknown.",
  "attested": "In a note, Beal reports a revolt and a failed siege. He says the people then submit to Asoka, who takes charge. The note later links a new revolt to the post of Kunala as governor.",
  "unknown": "The note does not state that all residents lose their homes. Shared place names do not make this the same event as other conquests.",
  "next_step": "Keep the siege and change of rule distinct from the later injury of Kunala. Compare the people, place and acts.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archive.org/details/siyukibuddhistre01hsuoft"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-0b66057dfb4f95e11984",
  "name": "An armed coup and return of priests",
  "place_and_era": "The tale concerns a ruler from Himatala and people in Kasmir. The event date is unknown.",
  "attested": "In this tale, armed men enter as guests under the guise of trade. Their king kills the local ruler and exiles ministers. He calls priests back, builds a home for them and gives them the country.",
  "unknown": "The tale spares ordinary residents from blame. It does not give a total of exiles or later settlers. It also says the displaced rulers later regain power.",
  "next_step": "Keep minister exile and priest return as distinct parts of one coup. Retain prior residents and the later change of rule.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archive.org/details/siyukibuddhistre01hsuoft"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-0126075f6a9cad4844a7",
  "name": "Beal reports a conquest in Gandhara",
  "place_and_era": "Beal places this conquest in Gandhara, in South Asia. The event date is unknown.",
  "attested": "Beal reports that a ruler of the Ye-tha takes Gandhara. He also reports wider conquests or tribute. The local claim concerns a change of rule in a place where people already live.",
  "unknown": "A possible link to the other raid remains unclear. That raid names Mahirakula. The text does not prove a separate event or a general expulsion.",
  "next_step": "Keep the reports distinct until the evidence links their actors and events. Do not merge them from the place name alone.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archive.org/details/siyukibuddhistre01hsuoft"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-1aa6935c0ea0505ae055",
  "name": "Four defenders driven from home",
  "place_and_era": "The tale concerns Sakya homes and a route toward Udyana. The event date is unknown.",
  "attested": "In a tale that Beal translates, an army attacks the Sakyas. Their own clans drive four defenders from home. Each flees in a different direction. The tale follows one refugee to a new household.",
  "unknown": "The attack and the expulsion have different actors. The tale does not identify all routes, later homes or the fate of each refugee.",
  "next_step": "Keep the exile and the later seizure of rule distinct. One refugee later takes rule in Udyana.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archive.org/details/siyukibuddhistre01hsuoft"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-799a0318cfb216eb9750",
  "name": "Monks move from Banaras to Kasmir",
  "place_and_era": "Beal gives this account in a note about a monk and Kasmir. The event date is unknown.",
  "attested": "In a note, Beal says people in Banaras resent the number of monks. A monk takes a large group to Kasmir by sacred flight. The note links this move with the spread of faith.",
  "unknown": "The note does not establish whether residents force the monks out or the monks leave on a mission. The cause remains unclear.",
  "next_step": "Ask what links the local resentment to the move. Retain the reported move without an assumed act of expulsion.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archive.org/details/siyukibuddhistre01hsuoft"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-a4850655950925549578",
  "name": "Poor people bought to serve monks",
  "place_and_era": "Beal gives this account in the origin history of Kasmir. The event date is unknown.",
  "attested": "In the history that Beal translates, a monk founds homes for priests. He buys poor people from nearby countries to serve them. After his death, the text says these people take rule and face scorn from their neighbors.",
  "unknown": "The text gives no count of the bought people or full terms of their service. It does not establish a modern group identity.",
  "next_step": "Retain the bought service, later rule and prior use of the land. Keep the lake tale separate from claims about human groups.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archive.org/details/siyukibuddhistre01hsuoft"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-3134b79e8020d97c2970",
  "name": "Priests flee a threat and receive land",
  "place_and_era": "The tale links the Ganges with refuge in Kasmir. The event date is unknown.",
  "attested": "The text says Asoka plans to drown priests. Some priests flee to Kasmir by sacred powers and refuse his call to return. He then builds homes for priests and gives them the country.",
  "unknown": "The threat is not a count of people who die. The text does not define the land grant or show that prior residents leave.",
  "next_step": "Keep the threat, refuge, refused return and grant distinct. Ask how priests and prior residents use the land.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archive.org/details/siyukibuddhistre01hsuoft"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-0e3d216dbc309619e4d1",
  "name": "Rulers drive priests from Kasmir",
  "place_and_era": "The text places this episode after the death of Kanishka. It gives no secure event date.",
  "attested": "In the account that Beal translates, rulers called Kritiyas take power again. The text says they banish priests and overthrow their religion. A later tale recalls priests who disperse and choose new homes.",
  "unknown": "The later tale can refer to the same exiles. The text does not give their number, full routes or later fate.",
  "next_step": "Keep this expulsion linked to the later return of priests. Do not count the departure and return as new groups.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archive.org/details/siyukibuddhistre01hsuoft"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-0a126ebad91cbd833415",
  "name": "Strife over rule at Taxila",
  "place_and_era": "The text describes Taxila, in South Asia, as it pays tribute to Kasmir. The date of the change is unknown.",
  "attested": "The text says nobles fight for power after a royal line ends. It reports changed tribute and ruined homes for priests. It also describes farms, residents and a few priests who remain.",
  "unknown": "The text does not link a specific victor or act to loss of homes or land. Ruins do not identify an attacker.",
  "next_step": "Ask what control or access changes as the nobles contest power. Keep the residents who remain and their land use in view.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archive.org/details/siyukibuddhistre01hsuoft"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-4c56033600b62318ecd4",
  "name": "The king sends people into exile",
  "place_and_era": "The tale concerns Taxila and a desert northeast of the Snowy Mountains. The event date is unknown.",
  "attested": "In this tale, Asoka punishes those tied to the injury of Kunala. He sends some officials into exile and kills or removes others. He sends common people who took part into a desert.",
  "unknown": "The text does not say that all Taxila residents leave. The numbers, routes and later homes of the exiles are unknown.",
  "next_step": "Keep each affected group and form of punishment distinct. Keep this group distinct from Kunala and his wife.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archive.org/details/siyukibuddhistre01hsuoft"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-bb8c2603c78e6d574ae9",
  "name": "Two brothers seek refuge in China",
  "place_and_era": "Beal places the refuge at Shingtu in China, during unrest at the end of Sui rule. The precise event date is unknown.",
  "attested": "Beal reports that Hiuen Tsiang and his brother seek refuge because of political unrest. They find refuge at Shingtu. Their later study and travel are different moves.",
  "unknown": "The account does not identify the fate of their former home or how long they remain. It does not establish a general expulsion.",
  "next_step": "Keep the personal refuge distinct from later religious travel. Ask how unrest changes where the brothers can live.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archive.org/details/siyukibuddhistre01hsuoft"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-2eefcb4aa026b8f935f1",
  "name": "McPhee: deaths and the end of communal use",
  "place_and_era": "McPhee Pueblo lay in the Dolores Valley in southwest Colorado. The chapter discusses these acts during regional depopulation near the end of the 800s CE. The exact date of the deaths and destruction is unknown.",
  "attested": "The chapter reports violent deaths and paired burials in ritual pit structures. Roofs were taken apart and collapsed over the bodies. Other ritual and community structures were burned.",
  "unknown": "The authors only suggest that roofs fell as people died. They do not identify the killers or show that every resident was forced to leave. Later use of parts of the village is reported.",
  "next_step": "Keep the deaths and destruction of communal spaces in view. Ask how these acts changed use of those spaces and what happened to other residents.",
  "sources": [
    "https://doi.org/10.5876/9781646424597.c011"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Kellam Throgmorton, Richard Wilshusen, Grant D. Coffey (2023). Bridging the Long Tenth Century. Chapter 11, printed pages 166, 170, 171. DOI: 10.5876/9781646424597.c011."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-67e887918afee96254c6",
  "name": "Grass Mesa: people leave before the fire",
  "place_and_era": "Grass Mesa lay in the Dolores Valley in southwest Colorado. The chapter places this move in the earlier regional decline. The village fire came months or years after people left.",
  "attested": "The account describes temporary structures during a planned departure. The authors report that the village was burned later as a ritual act. These are separate stages in one local history.",
  "unknown": "A planned move does not prove that people had a free choice. The later fire does not show an attack that caused the move. The effects on continued access and use are unknown.",
  "next_step": "Trace the circumstances of departure and later use. Keep this account separate from the reported violence at McPhee.",
  "sources": [
    "https://doi.org/10.5876/9781646424597.c011"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Kellam Throgmorton, Richard Wilshusen, Grant D. Coffey (2023). Bridging the Long Tenth Century. Chapter 11, printed pages 166, 168. DOI: 10.5876/9781646424597.c011."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-bf37ba4dd2259939124d",
  "name": "People use old villages again",
  "place_and_era": "The chapter describes renewed use at selected villages in the Dolores Valley and central Mesa Verde region. It places much of this work in 925-975 CE. Construction dates differ between sites.",
  "attested": "People rebuilt and lived in parts of earlier villages. Some reused old room plans. Other communities persisted while these places were used again.",
  "unknown": "The source does not identify the new residents as the same families who left. Returns and possible places where people lived remain proposals. Changes in prior use are not established.",
  "next_step": "Trace how the new residents related to those who left and those who stayed. Keep reuse of places separate from family identity and land control.",
  "sources": [
    "https://doi.org/10.5876/9781646424597.c011"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Kellam Throgmorton, Richard Wilshusen, Grant D. Coffey (2023). Bridging the Long Tenth Century. Chapter 11, printed pages 169, 170, 171, 172. DOI: 10.5876/9781646424597.c011."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-451ba76f00a0173b31fa",
  "name": "Later compounds: local moves or arrivals?",
  "place_and_era": "The chapter places this pattern of small homes in 975-1030 CE in central Mesa Verde. It describes compounds on mesa tops and in some old settlements.",
  "attested": "More people used small post-and-adobe compounds across a wider range of places. Some homes resembled those in nearby regions. The authors propose local change and immigration as alternatives.",
  "unknown": "Similar buildings do not establish that people arrived from elsewhere. Fallowed land does not show the absence of prior users or rights. The effects of these settlements on earlier users remain unknown.",
  "next_step": "Seek evidence that distinguishes local moves from arrivals. Ask how compound residents and prior users shared or controlled these landscapes.",
  "sources": [
    "https://doi.org/10.5876/9781646424597.c011"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Kellam Throgmorton, Richard Wilshusen, Grant D. Coffey (2023). Bridging the Long Tenth Century. Chapter 11, printed pages 173, 174, 175, 176. DOI: 10.5876/9781646424597.c011."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-3fdf72493879bb5b29cf",
  "name": "Farm lands and an invited stay at Mesa Verde",
  "place_and_era": "The account concerns Tawtaykya, or Mesa Verde. The exact date and farm parcels are unknown. Later dates for ceremonial roles do not date these acts.",
  "attested": "Kuwanwisiwma describes Katsina and Badger leaders who assigned farm lands. Residents hosted and taught new arrivals. Residents welcomed Flute to perform and asked the group to stay.",
  "unknown": "The account does not establish that these allocations took land from prior users. It does not say that Flute was held by force. Shared clan names do not identify one unchanged group across places.",
  "next_step": "Trace how hosts and new residents shared or controlled farm use. Keep the reported land allocation separate from a forced loss of prior use.",
  "sources": [
    "https://doi.org/10.5876/9781646424597.c005"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Leigh Kuwanwisiwma, Wesley Bernardini (2023). Place of the Songs. Chapter 5, printed pages 75, 76, 77, 80. DOI: 10.5876/9781646424597.c005."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-95cf96d81f4294f03cb4",
  "name": "Rules for rites at Mesa Verde",
  "place_and_era": "The account places this ban at Mesa Verde. The exact date is unknown. Later rites at Aztec have a separate context.",
  "attested": "The account says Bow and its phratry were not allowed to perform rites at Mesa Verde. Greasewood received permission for a medicinal rite and four katsinam. Bow later held rites and built great kivas at Aztec.",
  "unknown": "The ban is clear. Whether it barred use of a place or only set rules for rites remains unknown. The account does not link the ban to a later move.",
  "next_step": "Ask whether the ban barred use of a place or set rules for rites alone. Keep the stated ban in view.",
  "sources": [
    "https://doi.org/10.5876/9781646424597.c005"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Leigh Kuwanwisiwma, Wesley Bernardini (2023). Place of the Songs. Chapter 5, printed pages 76, 77, 80, 81. DOI: 10.5876/9781646424597.c005."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-92c43113cea516df65aa",
  "name": "Entry refusal, peace and travel",
  "place_and_era": "The account describes territories encountered during journeys. The exact location and date of the refusal are unknown. It links the deniers and protectors with the Warrior Twins from Aztec.",
  "attested": "Kuwanwisiwma describes territorial warriors whom he identifies as the Warrior Twins. They first deny some clans entry. The account then reports a peace pact and protection during travel.",
  "unknown": "The human identity of these figures remains unknown. The exact travellers and territorial bounds are also unclear. The account does not show eviction from earlier homes or a permanent ban on entry. It identifies no modern ethnic people.",
  "next_step": "Keep the refusal and later protection in one account. Ask what entry was denied and how the pact changed access.",
  "sources": [
    "https://doi.org/10.5876/9781646424597.c005"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Leigh Kuwanwisiwma, Wesley Bernardini (2023). Place of the Songs. Chapter 5, printed pages 78, 81. DOI: 10.5876/9781646424597.c005."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-4afa61c546abd2904596",
  "name": "Greasewood receives aid and guidance to Mesa Verde",
  "place_and_era": "The account follows Greasewood from Bears Ears to Fog Mountain and Mesa Verde. Fog Mountain is an unspecified Abajo peak. The exact calendar is unknown.",
  "attested": "Greasewood approaches starvation and receives meat and pelts from people described as apparently Ute. At the request of Greasewood, guides lead the group to Mesa Verde. Settlement follows in the area now called Ute Mountain Tribal Park.",
  "unknown": "The speaker reports a mountain visit. His visit does not make him a witness to the earlier encounter. The account does not establish a forced route, sole ownership or removal of prior residents.",
  "next_step": "Ask how the guided settlers related to prior residents and later communities. Keep this aid account separate from reports of conflict among other clans.",
  "sources": [
    "https://doi.org/10.5876/9781646424597.c005"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Leigh Kuwanwisiwma, Wesley Bernardini (2023). Place of the Songs. Chapter 5, printed pages 76, 78, 81. DOI: 10.5876/9781646424597.c005."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-e086b17297062f219217",
  "name": "Conflict near Chimney Rock",
  "place_and_era": "Kuwanwisiwma places this conflict near Chimney Rock. The exact date and affected tract are unknown.",
  "attested": "The account says some clans faced conflict there. The speaker contrasts this with the Ute aid in the account of his own clan.",
  "unknown": "The speaker does not identify the other side. His guesses remain unconfirmed. The passage does not state a particular move, loss of home use or change in land control.",
  "next_step": "Seek an account of what the conflict changed for residence, access or control. Do not supply the outcome from a different episode.",
  "sources": [
    "https://doi.org/10.5876/9781646424597.c005"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Leigh Kuwanwisiwma, Wesley Bernardini (2023). Place of the Songs. Chapter 5, printed pages 78, 81. DOI: 10.5876/9781646424597.c005."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-85d8c251193a37e5f920",
  "name": "Clans flee north after the loss of Palatkwapi",
  "place_and_era": "The place called Palatkwapi is not fixed to one city. The note gives possible places from southern Arizona to Mesoamerica. The date is unknown.",
  "attested": "A note that cites Yava reports the destruction of Palatkwapi after moral and social turmoil. Clans flee north. Some reach Hopi Mesas. The note also reports a break in rites and their later revival.",
  "unknown": "The note does not identify a destroyer or a particular human removal process. It does not make every later Hopi arrival part of this flight. The cited Yava work was not newly read.",
  "next_step": "Ask how destruction, flight and later settlement connect. Keep the moral frame of the account. Do not add an attacker or erase the reported acts.",
  "sources": [
    "https://doi.org/10.5876/9781646424597.c005"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Leigh Kuwanwisiwma, Wesley Bernardini (2023). Place of the Songs. Chapter 5, printed pages 80, 81, 82. DOI: 10.5876/9781646424597.c005."
  ]
},
{
    "id": "ledger-aede9c8bbe2cad5d23bb",
    "name": "A king's flight through Ceylon to Malabar",
    "place_and_era": "The article places this flight in the reign of an earlier king of Ceylon. The exact date is unknown.",
    "attested": "It says a Chola king drove the Pandya ruler out. He sought help in Ceylon, then went to Malabar. He left royal goods behind.",
    "unknown": "The article does not name a group that went with him. His prior home, length of stay and later fate are unknown.",
    "next_step": "Keep the first forced move distinct from the later trip. Ask what changed for the king at each place.",
    "sources": [
      "https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283420"
    ],
    "source_citations": [
      "E. Hultzsch, XV Contributions to Singhalese Chronology, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 45(3), July 1913, pages 517–531; section V, printed pages 524–525 (Mahavamsa 53, as reported). DOI: 10.1017/S0035869X00045093. Public annual-volume scan."
    ]
  },
{
    "id": "ledger-1d98892a13f491033461",
    "name": "A king's flight to Rohana",
    "place_and_era": "The article names Udaya as the king who fled to Rohana. Its date and the army's ruler are inferred, not fixed.",
    "attested": "An army killed a commander. The king fled with royal goods. The troops could not reach him and went back without the goods.",
    "unknown": "The text does not say that local people fled. It does not prove that the army took the goods or ruled the whole island.",
    "next_step": "Keep the king's flight and the failed mission distinct. Ask what changed for his home and rule.",
    "sources": [
      "https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283420"
    ],
    "source_citations": [
      "E. Hultzsch, XV Contributions to Singhalese Chronology, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 45(3), July 1913, pages 517–531; section V, printed pages 524–525 (Mahavamsa 53.44 translation correction and related account, as reported). DOI: 10.1017/S0035869X00045093. Public annual-volume scan."
    ]
  },
{
    "id": "ledger-4a334a47e61592d9879b",
    "name": "A later army sent to Ceylon",
    "place_and_era": "The article places this mission after a king's death. It gives two dates for that death, not for the mission.",
    "attested": "It reports that a general led an army to Ceylon. It does not state what land or homes were taken.",
    "unknown": "The date and result of the mission are not fixed. A later murder report does not prove another taking of land.",
    "next_step": "Keep the king's death and the later mission distinct. Ask what the force did and whose land or homes changed.",
    "sources": [
      "https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283420"
    ],
    "source_citations": [
      "E. Hultzsch, XV Contributions to Singhalese Chronology, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 45(3), July 1913, pages 517–531; section IX, printed page 531 (Mahavamsa 90.47, as reported). DOI: 10.1017/S0035869X00045093. Public annual-volume scan."
    ]
  },
{
    "id": "ledger-3215e93c505e163105ae",
    "name": "An army sent to South India",
    "place_and_era": "The article places the mission in South India. It compares sources that give different clues to its date.",
    "attested": "The article names Lankapura as the general who led the force. It says the force went against Kulasekhara of Madhura. It calls this an invasion of South India.",
    "unknown": "This passage does not state which tract was taken or whose home changed. The fact that an army was sent does not show that it took all the land.",
    "next_step": "Keep the reported mission visible. Ask what land or homes changed and which acts can form one clear question.",
    "sources": [
      "https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283420"
    ],
    "source_citations": [
      "E. Hultzsch, XV Contributions to Singhalese Chronology, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 45(3), July 1913, pages 517–531; section I, printed pages 518–519 (Mahavamsa 76.7 and Arppakkam/twelfth-year references, as reported). DOI: 10.1017/S0035869X00045093. Public annual-volume scan."
    ]
  },
{
    "id": "ledger-f4e05af2aae7f4200f41",
    "name": "Cola rule and the capture of Mahinda",
    "place_and_era": "The text names Rajarattha in Lanka. An editor dates the conquest to 1017. The text itself gives a year of the king's reign. The exact land bounds are unknown.",
    "attested": "The text reports Cola rule over a named tract. The king was seized and sent to the Cola ruler. Temples lost wealth and buildings. His consort was seized. People kept the young prince safe.",
    "unknown": "The text does not say the consort was sent abroad. It gives no count of local people made to leave. How rule changed their homes and rights is unknown.",
    "next_step": "Keep rule, royal capture, temple harm and harm to local people distinct. Ask how each act changed use of land or homes.",
    "sources": [
      "https://noolaham.net/project/46/4536/4536.pdf"
    ],
    "source_citations": [
      "Geiger, Culavamsa, Part I. English translation from German by C. Mabel Rickmers (1929; AES reprint, 1998), chapter LV, verses 55.13–24 and 55.33–34, printed pages 187–189, including the colophon and cited notes (page 187 notes 2–3 continuing on 188, page 188 notes 1–3, page 189 note 3)."
    ]
  },
{
    "id": "ledger-ddb7e4d9559709439118",
    "name": "Crowns taken from four named rulers",
    "place_and_era": "The article compares a royal list with a chronicle. A record's date does not date each act.",
    "attested": "A royal record lists crowns taken from four kings. The article also reports deaths. These do not prove a new taking of land for each name.",
    "unknown": "Some names may match kings in other accounts. The article gives up one proposed match. The land and home effects are not clear.",
    "next_step": "Keep the crowns and deaths as stated claims. Link the women already seized in the other questions. Do not add a new event for each crown.",
    "sources": [
      "https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283420"
    ],
    "source_citations": [
      "E. Hultzsch, XV Contributions to Singhalese Chronology, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 45(3), July 1913, pages 517–531; sections II–III, printed pages 520–521 (the 1046 record, South Indian Inscriptions III 52, as reported). DOI: 10.1017/S0035869X00045093. Public annual-volume scan."
    ]
  },
{
    "id": "ledger-00e996c88760d1a44828",
    "name": "Indraratha and his family were seized",
    "place_and_era": "The text places the fight at Adinagar. It names Indraratha and his family. The exact date is unknown.",
    "attested": "The text says the army seized the king and his family. It also says their treasures were carried away.",
    "unknown": "The text does not say the people were sent elsewhere. We do not know their number, stay or later fate. Their homes and rights are not described.",
    "next_step": "Keep the capture of people distinct from the removal of goods. Ask what happened to the people and their homes.",
    "sources": [
      "https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/67881.pdf"
    ],
    "source_citations": [
      "E. Hultzsch, No. 31, Tirumalai Rock Inscription of Rajendra-Chola I, Epigraphia Indica IX, English translation, printed page 233, inscription lines 8–9; article printed pages 229–233."
    ]
  },
{
    "id": "ledger-1a490ffdaaffd6984018",
    "name": "Mahinda's flight from the palace",
    "place_and_era": "The text places Mahinda in Anuradhapura, then in Rohana. This is before the Cola attack. The exact year is unknown.",
    "attested": "Unpaid troops blocked food from the palace. The king fled to Rohana with goods. He set up a camp and later a town.",
    "unknown": "The text does not say who went with him. It does not show that local people lost homes or land. Later rights and return are unknown.",
    "next_step": "Keep the king's move distinct from later capture. Ask who went with him and what changed for people at each place.",
    "sources": [
      "https://noolaham.net/project/46/4536/4536.pdf"
    ],
    "source_citations": [
      "Geiger, Culavamsa, Part I. English translation from German by C. Mabel Rickmers (1929; AES reprint, 1998), chapter LV, verses 55.1–12, printed pages 186–187; notes 1–3 on page 186 and note 4 on page 186."
    ]
  },
{
    "id": "ledger-069ae23c7e849b39aec0",
    "name": "Other lands named in the conquest list",
    "place_and_era": "The text names more lands and places. These are in the same royal list. The dates of each act are unknown.",
    "attested": "The text says the army seized these lands. It names islands, towns, regions and a river. The claim of taking is positive.",
    "unknown": "The text does not show which places were taken in one act. It does not state all local people's fate or the full bounds of each tract.",
    "next_step": "Group the claims only where the source supports it. Keep each taking claim visible without making a new event for each name.",
    "sources": [
      "https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/67881.pdf"
    ],
    "source_citations": [
      "E. Hultzsch, No. 31, Tirumalai Rock Inscription of Rajendra-Chola I, Epigraphia Indica IX, English translation, printed page 233, inscription lines 1–2, 4–7, 9, 11–12; article printed pages 229–233."
    ]
  },
{
    "id": "ledger-724c29b43fb1bb1c3691",
    "name": "The army took control of the land at Takkanaladam",
    "place_and_era": "The text names Takkanaladam and its ruler Ranasura. The exact place and date are unknown.",
    "attested": "The text says the army took control of the tract. It says this followed a strong attack on the ruler.",
    "unknown": "The length of rule and the land's full bounds are unknown. The text does not say that local people fled or lost homes.",
    "next_step": "Ask whose use of the tract changed. Keep the attack distinct from harm the text does not state.",
    "sources": [
      "https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/67881.pdf"
    ],
    "source_citations": [
      "E. Hultzsch, No. 31, Tirumalai Rock Inscription of Rajendra-Chola I, Epigraphia Indica IX, English translation, printed page 233, inscription lines 10; article printed pages 229–233."
    ]
  },
{
    "id": "ledger-ca08a3136ac1403ef08f",
    "name": "The army took land in Vangala-desa",
    "place_and_era": "The text names Vangala-desa and its ruler Govindachandra. The exact bounds and date are unknown.",
    "attested": "The land is in the list of places the army took. The text says the ruler got down from his elephant and fled.",
    "unknown": "The text does not say that all people fled. Their homes, rights and later fate are unknown. The length of rule is not stated.",
    "next_step": "Keep the ruler's flight distinct from the land claim. Ask what changed for people who lived there.",
    "sources": [
      "https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/67881.pdf"
    ],
    "source_citations": [
      "E. Hultzsch, No. 31, Tirumalai Rock Inscription of Rajendra-Chola I, Epigraphia Indica IX, English translation, printed page 233, inscription lines 10; article printed pages 229–233."
    ]
  },
{
    "id": "ledger-89e58ba26b8711d2ab83",
    "name": "The army took the land of Tandabutti",
    "place_and_era": "The text names Tandabutti and its ruler Dharmapala. The exact place and date are unknown.",
    "attested": "The text says the army took the tract. It links this to the destruction of its ruler in fierce battle.",
    "unknown": "The text does not show that all people were made to leave. Their rights, homes and later fate are unknown. The ruler's name alone does not prove who he was.",
    "next_step": "Keep the taking of land and the battle claim distinct. Ask what changed for those who used the tract.",
    "sources": [
      "https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/67881.pdf"
    ],
    "source_citations": [
      "E. Hultzsch, No. 31, Tirumalai Rock Inscription of Rajendra-Chola I, Epigraphia Indica IX, English translation, printed page 233, inscription lines 9–10; article printed pages 229–233."
    ]
  },
{
    "id": "ledger-85bbf4cfed1f8d92fec0",
    "name": "The earlier claim to rule in Ilam",
    "place_and_era": "The article names Rajaraja as an earlier ruler who took Ilam. It infers a range of years from dated records.",
    "attested": "The article reports a royal claim to conquest of the named tract. It sets this before the later king's capture.",
    "unknown": "This may overlap with part of the later conquest account. It does not prove that all residents lost homes. The full bounds and length of rule are unknown.",
    "next_step": "Keep the earlier ruler's claim distinct from the later capture. Ask which parts of the two accounts overlap.",
    "sources": [
      "https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283420"
    ],
    "source_citations": [
      "E. Hultzsch, XV Contributions to Singhalese Chronology, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 45(3), July 1913, pages 517–531; section IV, printed page 524 (comparison of South Indian Inscriptions III No. 52 and No. 6, as cited). DOI: 10.1017/S0035869X00045093. Public annual-volume scan."
    ]
  },
{
    "id": "ledger-45caf6bac53dffc62343",
    "name": "The flight of Manavamma from Ceylon to India",
    "place_and_era": "The article places the first flight from Ceylon to India. The dates depend on its sources and sums of reigns.",
    "attested": "It says Manavamma fled from Ceylon to India. He served a ruler there. His first bid to return failed, so he stayed abroad.",
    "unknown": "The text does not say all the troops or their families were refugees. It does not state the fate of his prior home or who went with him.",
    "next_step": "Keep the flight and first failed return distinct from the later victory. Ask how his place and role changed.",
    "sources": [
      "https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283420"
    ],
    "source_citations": [
      "E. Hultzsch, XV Contributions to Singhalese Chronology, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 45(3), July 1913, pages 517–531; section VII, printed pages 527–529 (Mahavamsa 47 and comparative apparatus, as reported). DOI: 10.1017/S0035869X00045093. Public annual-volume scan."
    ]
  },
{
    "id": "ledger-d9108dcce376d51eb03f",
    "name": "The forced move of a queen and her daughter",
    "place_and_era": "The article names Jagatipala and his family in Ceylon. The exact date of their fate is unknown.",
    "attested": "It reports that the king was killed. His queen and daughter were carried to Chola country.",
    "unknown": "This may be the same event as the seizure of women in another account. The two kings' names differ. The women's later fate is unknown.",
    "next_step": "Keep the forced move as a positive claim. Keep the possible match open without joining the people or counting them twice.",
    "sources": [
      "https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283420"
    ],
    "source_citations": [
      "E. Hultzsch, XV Contributions to Singhalese Chronology, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 45(3), July 1913, pages 517–531; section III, printed page 521 (Mahavamsa 56.13–15, as reported). DOI: 10.1017/S0035869X00045093. Public annual-volume scan."
    ]
  },
{
    "id": "ledger-b8c361d45f19b2e17e69",
    "name": "The later attack in Rohana and local rewards",
    "place_and_era": "This is a later attack in Rohana. The text says the young prince was twelve. The exact year is unknown.",
    "attested": "Troops sought the prince and plundered the region. Two leaders fought them for six months. The troops who lived went back to their base. The prince gave a village reward and relief from dues.",
    "unknown": "The text does not show that the prince was caught. It does not show that local people lost homes or that troops left a settled home. Prior rights in the village and later use are unknown.",
    "next_step": "Keep troop retreat, the village award and relief from dues distinct. Ask whose access to land changed and how.",
    "sources": [
      "https://noolaham.net/project/46/4536/4536.pdf"
    ],
    "source_citations": [
      "Geiger, Culavamsa, Part I. English translation from German by C. Mabel Rickmers (1929; AES reprint, 1998), chapter LV, verses 55.23–32, printed pages 188–189; page 189 notes 1–2 and the note to 55.33 (note 3)."
    ]
  },
{
    "id": "ledger-bf9608c256066ceb80a0",
    "name": "The later return and rise to rule",
    "place_and_era": "This is Manavamma's later return to Ceylon. The exact date is not fixed.",
    "attested": "He returned with aid, beat the ruler and took rule. The defeated ruler was killed and his head was shown.",
    "unknown": "The text does not prove that all people lost homes. The land's full bounds and length of control are unknown. Troops are not all a new settler group.",
    "next_step": "Keep this success distinct from the first failed trip. Ask who ruled, stayed or lost access after the return.",
    "sources": [
      "https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283420"
    ],
    "source_citations": [
      "E. Hultzsch, XV Contributions to Singhalese Chronology, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 45(3), July 1913, pages 517–531; section VII, printed pages 527–529 (Mahavamsa 47 second expedition and reign comparison, as reported). DOI: 10.1017/S0035869X00045093. Public annual-volume scan."
    ]
  },
{
    "id": "ledger-c8f22e1194747139cfb3",
    "name": "The loss of rule in Irattapadi",
    "place_and_era": "The text names Irattapadi and Musangi. It comes from the king's thirteenth year. The dates of the acts are unknown.",
    "attested": "The text says the king's army took the land from Jayasimha. It says he fled and hid.",
    "unknown": "We do not know the land's full bounds or how long rule changed. The text does not say that local people fled or lost homes.",
    "next_step": "Keep the ruler's flight and the loss of rule distinct. Ask how the taking changed local use of land.",
    "sources": [
      "https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/67881.pdf"
    ],
    "source_citations": [
      "E. Hultzsch, No. 31, Tirumalai Rock Inscription of Rajendra-Chola I, Epigraphia Indica IX, English translation, printed page 233, inscription lines 5–6; article printed pages 229–233."
    ]
  },
{
    "id": "ledger-f58d2d4a15f5d28ebdd7",
    "name": "The taking of Odda-vishaya",
    "place_and_era": "The text names Odda-vishaya. This is a tract in the conquest list. The exact date is unknown.",
    "attested": "The text says the army took control of the tract in close fights.",
    "unknown": "The bounds and length of rule are unknown. The text does not say that local people fled. How the taking changed homes and rights is unknown.",
    "next_step": "Keep this tract distinct from nearby names in the list. Ask whose use of land changed and how.",
    "sources": [
      "https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/67881.pdf"
    ],
    "source_citations": [
      "E. Hultzsch, No. 31, Tirumalai Rock Inscription of Rajendra-Chola I, Epigraphia Indica IX, English translation, printed page 233, inscription lines 9; article printed pages 229–233."
    ]
  },
{
    "id": "ledger-aa10a59366a6eb5910d6",
    "name": "The taking of the city of Madhura",
    "place_and_era": "The article links Madhura to a war under Parantaka. It compares dates of records with a proposed date for the war.",
    "attested": "It reports that the city and elephants were taken. It praises the slaying of a large army. A chronicle says the force sent to help went back without success.",
    "unknown": "No exact death count is shown. The text does not say that all city people left or lost homes. The length of rule is unknown.",
    "next_step": "Keep the city claim, battle and failed return distinct. Ask what changed for people who used the city.",
    "sources": [
      "https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283420"
    ],
    "source_citations": [
      "E. Hultzsch, XV Contributions to Singhalese Chronology, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 45(3), July 1913, pages 517–531; section VI, printed pages 525–526 (Mahavamsa 52.70–78; Udayendiram, South Indian Inscriptions II 387, verses 9–11; Annual Reports on Epigraphy, as cited). DOI: 10.1017/S0035869X00045093. Public annual-volume scan."
    ]
  },
{
    "id": "ledger-9498c4744d7a82cb420c",
    "name": "The taking of the city of Vatapi",
    "place_and_era": "The article links Vatapi to a war led by Narasiha. Exact dates and land bounds are not fixed.",
    "attested": "It reports that Vatapi was taken. It links this claim to a ruler's defeat.",
    "unknown": "The text does not say that all city people fled or lost homes. The length of control and later rights are unknown.",
    "next_step": "Keep this city claim distinct from the two island missions. Ask what changed for people who used the city.",
    "sources": [
      "https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283420"
    ],
    "source_citations": [
      "E. Hultzsch, XV Contributions to Singhalese Chronology, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 45(3), July 1913, pages 517–531; section VII, printed pages 528–529 (South Indian Inscriptions II 343 and Fleet, as cited). DOI: 10.1017/S0035869X00045093. Public annual-volume scan."
    ]
  },
{
    "id": "ledger-94a05b387fae14599ac2",
    "name": "Two royal sons seized by an army",
    "place_and_era": "The article reports an attack in Ceylon. It names the sons' father as Manabharana. A dated record reports the acts, not their exact dates.",
    "attested": "The article reports that a king was killed. It says two sons of another king were seized.",
    "unknown": "We do not know where the sons were kept or for how long. The text does not show what happened to their homes.",
    "next_step": "Keep the sons' capture distinct from harm to other people. Ask what happened to them after capture.",
    "sources": [
      "https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283420"
    ],
    "source_citations": [
      "E. Hultzsch, XV Contributions to Singhalese Chronology, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 45(3), July 1913, pages 517–531; section II, printed pages 519–520 (South Indian Inscriptions III 59 and local III 39, as cited). DOI: 10.1017/S0035869X00045093. Public annual-volume scan."
    ]
  },
{
    "id": "ledger-27dd2c2ca7245d070b5c",
    "name": "Women seized after a king's defeat",
    "place_and_era": "The article reports Vira-Salamegha's defeat in Ceylon. Its cited record may list acts from more than one year.",
    "attested": "His elder sister and daughter, or wife, were seized. His mother's nose was cut off. He was killed in battle.",
    "unknown": "The text does not say where the seized women went. This may be the same event as another account. The kings' names differ, so the match is not proved.",
    "next_step": "Keep the named kin and their harms distinct. Do not count this and the other account as two separate events.",
    "sources": [
      "https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283420"
    ],
    "source_citations": [
      "E. Hultzsch, XV Contributions to Singhalese Chronology, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 45(3), July 1913, pages 517–531; section III, printed pages 520–521 (South Indian Inscriptions III 52, as cited). DOI: 10.1017/S0035869X00045093. Public annual-volume scan."
    ]
  },
{
    "id": "ledger-ef7d75a6a4672281720b",
    "name": "Women seized after the king fled",
    "place_and_era": "The text names Mahipala in a battle claim. The exact place and date of this act are unknown.",
    "attested": "The text says the army put the king to flight. It then seized women and elephants. The women are people, not part of the goods.",
    "unknown": "The women's names, number and ties to the king are unknown. The text does not say where they went or what happened to their homes.",
    "next_step": "Keep the seizure of women distinct from the king's flight and goods. Ask what happened to the women after capture.",
    "sources": [
      "https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/67881.pdf"
    ],
    "source_citations": [
      "E. Hultzsch, No. 31, Tirumalai Rock Inscription of Rajendra-Chola I, Epigraphia Indica IX, English translation, printed page 233, inscription lines 10–11; article printed pages 229–233."
    ]
  },
{
    "id": "ledger-971c01eeb0fc4c0350f5",
    "name": "An attack and expulsion in the Great Prairie account",
    "place_and_era": "Great Prairie, by the Arkansas River. The account record dates to 1827. The attack date is unknown.",
    "attested": "Hoffman quotes a Quapaw account of an attack on a camp. It says the people resisted, then lost. The attackers drove them away and claimed control of the area.",
    "unknown": "The source links the name Intouka to Illinois. That link, the date and the extent of control remain unclear.",
    "next_step": "Study the people at the camp and the land they used. Keep this attack distinct from the earlier Tonnika encounter.",
    "sources": [
      "https://mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2020-04/AR-25.pdf"
    ],
    "source_citations": [
      "Michael P. Hoffman (1993), The Depopulation and Abandonment of Northeastern Arkansas in the Protohistoric Period. Chapter 15 in James B. Stoltman (ed.), Archaeology of Eastern North America: Papers in Honor of Stephen Williams. Archaeological Report 25, printed pages 261–275; cited printed pages 268. One consulted chapter; underlying accounts and reports not independently consulted."
    ]
  },
{
    "id": "ledger-fca41fec7e4a6f5595e9",
    "name": "Survivors and new homes by the Arkansas River",
    "place_and_era": "By the Arkansas River. Hoffman places the likely moves in the late 1500s or early 1600s. The exact dates remain unknown.",
    "attested": "Hoffman argues that survivors from the Old Town, Kent and Walls phases moved to the Arkansas River. He uses pottery evidence for this view.",
    "unknown": "The cause and terms of these moves remain unclear. Pottery does not prove that people left under force or took land from others.",
    "next_step": "Study the groups and their new homes. Keep other proposed routes distinct.",
    "sources": [
      "https://mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2020-04/AR-25.pdf"
    ],
    "source_citations": [
      "Michael P. Hoffman (1993), The Depopulation and Abandonment of Northeastern Arkansas in the Protohistoric Period. Chapter 15 in James B. Stoltman (ed.), Archaeology of Eastern North America: Papers in Honor of Stephen Williams. Archaeological Report 25, printed pages 261–275; cited printed pages 269–272. One consulted chapter; underlying accounts and reports not independently consulted."
    ]
  },
{
    "id": "ledger-7fe465f5ea83fe15df76",
    "name": "The loss of homes in northeast Arkansas",
    "place_and_era": "Northeast Arkansas. Hoffman compares regional reports from the 1540s and 1673. The gap in permanent homes does not date one forced move. It does not prove that all land use stopped.",
    "attested": "Hoffman contrasts towns in use in the 1540s with a later lack of permanent homes. He reviews disease, drought and conflict as possible causes.",
    "unknown": "The chapter does not establish one cause or one forced move. The fates of many residents remain unknown.",
    "next_step": "Keep local departures and new homes distinct. Study how each proposed cause relates to the loss of permanent homes.",
    "sources": [
      "https://mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2020-04/AR-25.pdf"
    ],
    "source_citations": [
      "Michael P. Hoffman (1993), The Depopulation and Abandonment of Northeastern Arkansas in the Protohistoric Period. Chapter 15 in James B. Stoltman (ed.), Archaeology of Eastern North America: Papers in Honor of Stephen Williams. Archaeological Report 25, printed pages 261–275; cited printed pages 261–263, 265–269, 272–273. One consulted chapter; underlying accounts and reports not independently consulted."
    ]
  },
{
  "id": "ledger-64eaa38074956af8d391",
  "name": "Tunica and Tonnika accounts of flight",
  "place_and_era": "Near the lower Mississippi River. Hoffman argues that the Tunica left before 1699. The exact date and earlier home remain unknown.",
  "attested": "Hoffman recounts a Tunica tradition of conflict and a move downstream. A Quapaw account claims an attack that drove Tonnika away.\n\nThe 1989 report proposes a cause of departure from southeast Arkansas. In this view, Quapaw pressure drove people out. Disease is another proposed cause. The report also links local phases to possible Tunican or Koroa groups.",
  "unknown": "It is unclear if both accounts describe the same departure. The exact date and place remain unknown.\n\nThis view concerns southeast Arkansas. Its link to the Tunica and Tonnika accounts is unclear. They can describe the same departure, part of it, or related regional changes. Phase labels do not prove one people.",
  "next_step": "Study the earlier home area and the new settlement. Keep each account and its source clear.\n\nCompare the two source accounts, their places and their proposed groups. Keep the relation open.",
  "sources": [
    "https://mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2020-04/AR-25.pdf",
    "https://archeology.uark.edu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/RS37_acc.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Michael P. Hoffman (1993), The Depopulation and Abandonment of Northeastern Arkansas in the Protohistoric Period. Chapter 15 in James B. Stoltman (ed.), Archaeology of Eastern North America: Papers in Honor of Stephen Williams. Archaeological Report 25, printed pages 261–275; cited printed pages 267–269, 272–273. One consulted chapter; underlying accounts and reports not independently consulted.",
    "Marvin D. Jeter and G. Ishmael Williams, Jr., Chapter 7, “Late Prehistoric Cultures, A.D. 1000–1500”, in Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Trans-Mississippi South in Arkansas and Louisiana (Arkansas Archeological Survey, RS37, 1989), printed pp. 183, 184, 188 (physical PDF pp. 195, 196, 200). One accepted report component; cited originals and analyst readings do not add independent historical witnesses."
  ]
},
{
      "id": "ledger-0c4cc9425a91a918e135",
      "name": "Nulliak stayed in use under pressure",
      "place_and_era": "Nulliak is on the north coast of Labrador. Spiess uses the term Late Maritime Archaic for the site. His text gives no exact date for the pressure.",
      "attested": "Spiess says people kept Nulliak in use under pressure. He says the pressure came from immigrant groups. He calls them Paleoeskimo.",
      "unknown": "The form of pressure is unclear. The source does not show that people lost homes or land.",
      "next_step": "Read the cited reports on Nulliak. Study the pressure and whether people lost access to land.",
      "sources": [
        "https://mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2020-04/AR-25.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "Arthur E. Spiess (1993), Caribou, Walrus and Seals: Maritime Archaic Subsistence in Labrador and Newfoundland. Chapter 7 in James B. Stoltman (ed.), Archaeology of Eastern North America: Papers in Honor of Stephen Williams. Archaeological Report No. 25, Mississippi Department of Archives and History, printed pages 73–100; claim at printed page 74, physical PDF page 87, right-column Nulliak paragraph. This note reports Spiess’s account; his citations are not separate confirmation."
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-dc3bc1c14f27fa71d9f0",
      "name": "Homes lost at Cambabe II",
      "place_and_era": "Cambabe II was a camp in Bengo, Angola. Police burned homes there in September and October 2002. The later eviction date is unknown.",
      "attested": "Human Rights Watch reports that police burned homes and crops. Most residents fled. People who stayed in a compound were later forced out.",
      "unknown": "The full number of people forced out is unknown. The later fate of the land is unclear.",
      "next_step": "Trace the first flight and the later eviction as one sequence. Check where residents went and what happened to their homes.",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/angola0803/angola0803.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "Human Rights Watch; Nadejda Marques. Struggling Through Peace: Return and Resettlement in Angola. August 2003, Vol.15, No.16(A). Printed pages: 9, 10; PDF pages: 13, 14; notes: 28-31. One consulted Human Rights Watch report; testimony, staff interviews and cited correspondence as specified in the shared source genealogy."
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-e5e7b2dbc55a627c3fd0",
      "name": "Some residents left Bengo II under pressure",
      "place_and_era": "Bengo II was a camp near Negage in Uige, Angola. The report covers pressure in 2002 and 2003.",
      "attested": "Human Rights Watch reports that some residents left under pressure. Others stayed with aid worker support. Some kept homes, crops and school ties.",
      "unknown": "The number who left is unclear. The source does not show that all residents lost their homes.",
      "next_step": "Trace those who left and those who stayed. Separate the state orders from the food aid cutoff.",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/angola0803/angola0803.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "Human Rights Watch; Nadejda Marques. Struggling Through Peace: Return and Resettlement in Angola. August 2003, Vol.15, No.16(A). Printed pages: 10, 11, 12, 13, 14; PDF pages: 14, 15, 16, 17, 18; notes: 32-49. One consulted Human Rights Watch report; testimony, staff interviews and cited correspondence as specified in the shared source genealogy."
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-932fb2dc41f790c3b103",
      "name": "Families forced to move from home",
      "place_and_era": "The report names Calala and Luvuei in Angola. Luvuei is in Moxico. The date of the transfer is unknown.",
      "attested": "Human Rights Watch reports a forced move. About 18 families of former fighters went from Calala to Luvuei.",
      "unknown": "The report does not name who moved the families. Their exact home sites, later rights and links to other groups are unknown.",
      "next_step": "Trace this forced transfer and its effects on homes and land. Keep families distinct from people in any count.",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/angola0803/angola0803.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "Human Rights Watch; Nadejda Marques. Struggling Through Peace: Return and Resettlement in Angola. August 2003, Vol.15, No.16(A). Printed pages: 22, 23; PDF pages: 26, 27; notes: 98. One consulted Human Rights Watch report; testimony, staff interviews and cited correspondence as specified in the shared source genealogy."
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-2e78e05cd17e7cf09823",
      "name": "A woman taken from shelter at Cazombo",
      "place_and_era": "The assault took place at Cazombo in Angola. The report gives the date as January 14, 2003.",
      "attested": "Human Rights Watch reports that soldiers took a woman from a school used as shelter to the bushes. They raped her and beat men. She later received medical care.",
      "unknown": "The exact place in the bushes is unknown. The effect on use of the shelter remains an open question.",
      "next_step": "Study how the assault affected use of the shelter. Compare it with the Catofe market question under the same rule.",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/angola0803/angola0803.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "Human Rights Watch; Nadejda Marques. Struggling Through Peace: Return and Resettlement in Angola. August 2003, Vol.15, No.16(A). Printed pages: 19, 20, 21; PDF pages: 23, 24, 25; notes: 78-83, 90-91. One consulted Human Rights Watch report; testimony, staff interviews and cited correspondence as specified in the shared source genealogy."
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-be858094df94eb042cb6",
      "name": "Aid pressure at Bengo and Feira",
      "place_and_era": "The report places these camps near Negage in Uige, Angola. It describes pressure in 2002 and 2003.",
      "attested": "Human Rights Watch reports orders to leave and threats to cut aid. Food aid also stopped at Bengo II. Some residents lacked transport.",
      "unknown": "It is unclear who left because of each form of pressure. Camp names and household overlap need checks.",
      "next_step": "Link this wider pressure question to the Bengo II departures. Keep food aid decisions separate from state orders.",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/angola0803/angola0803.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "Human Rights Watch; Nadejda Marques. Struggling Through Peace: Return and Resettlement in Angola. August 2003, Vol.15, No.16(A). Printed pages: 10, 11; PDF pages: 14, 15; notes: 32-37. One consulted Human Rights Watch report; testimony, staff interviews and cited correspondence as specified in the shared source genealogy."
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-e7953d857bb6292f6554",
      "name": "A blocked family journey from Negage to Luanda",
      "place_and_era": "The report describes a woman near Negage in Uige, Angola. She sought to join family in Luanda in 2003.",
      "attested": "Human Rights Watch reports that barriers kept the woman from Luanda. Mines blocked land routes, and the state controlled air access.",
      "unknown": "The precise role of each barrier is unclear. The source does not establish a permanent ban.",
      "next_step": "Trace the barriers and their effect on her choice of home. Check how the state controlled access to Luanda.",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/angola0803/angola0803.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "Human Rights Watch; Nadejda Marques. Struggling Through Peace: Return and Resettlement in Angola. August 2003, Vol.15, No.16(A). Printed pages: 11, 12; PDF pages: 15, 16; notes: 38-40. One consulted Human Rights Watch report; testimony, staff interviews and cited correspondence as specified in the shared source genealogy."
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-924e996b45e55bcf1760",
      "name": "The market burned at Catofe",
      "place_and_era": "Catofe was a camp in Kuanza Sul, Angola. The report gives no exact date for the act.",
      "attested": "Human Rights Watch reports that the Angolan army burned the camp market at Catofe.",
      "unknown": "The full extent of the damage is unknown. How long the loss of use lasted is unknown. Later access is unclear.",
      "next_step": "Trace the damage and later use of the market. Check how the loss affected its users.",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/angola0803/angola0803.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "Human Rights Watch; Nadejda Marques. Struggling Through Peace: Return and Resettlement in Angola. August 2003, Vol.15, No.16(A). Printed pages: 22, 23; PDF pages: 26, 27; notes: 98. One consulted Human Rights Watch report; testimony, staff interviews and cited correspondence as specified in the shared source genealogy."
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-3024c8e32323924480bc",
      "name": "A threat to burn homes at Amboiva",
      "place_and_era": "Amboiva was a camp in Angola. The report gives no exact date for the threat.",
      "attested": "Human Rights Watch reports that troops threatened to burn homes at Amboiva.",
      "unknown": "The source does not establish that troops burned the homes or that residents left. A link to the Calala transfer is unknown.",
      "next_step": "Trace what happened after the threat. Check for any loss of homes or use of land.",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/angola0803/angola0803.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "Human Rights Watch; Nadejda Marques. Struggling Through Peace: Return and Resettlement in Angola. August 2003, Vol.15, No.16(A). Printed pages: 22, 23; PDF pages: 26, 27; notes: 98. One consulted Human Rights Watch report; testimony, staff interviews and cited correspondence as specified in the shared source genealogy."
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-c432478d62b27e0156b7",
      "name": "Reports of violence and questions about homes",
      "place_and_era": "These are separate reports from the border and from Bengo II in Angola. They concern different acts and dates.",
      "attested": "Human Rights Watch reports a fatal attack at the border and deaths in a river. It also reports rape and abduction at Bengo II. These are separate reports, not one event.",
      "unknown": "The effect of each incident on homes or land use is unclear. The reports do not establish forced departure in every case.",
      "next_step": "Trace each incident and its effect on residence separately. Keep the victims and dates distinct.",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/angola0803/angola0803.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "Human Rights Watch; Nadejda Marques. Struggling Through Peace: Return and Resettlement in Angola. August 2003, Vol.15, No.16(A). Printed pages: 13, 14, 18; PDF pages: 17, 18, 22; notes: 46-49, 71-73. One consulted Human Rights Watch report; testimony, staff interviews and cited correspondence as specified in the shared source genealogy."
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-7b0b411e16d16dfaaf67",
      "name": "Pressure and village moves near Lake Ontario",
      "place_and_era": "Western north shore of Lake Ontario, in the late 1500s and early 1600s. These are broad study dates, not the dates of one attack.",
      "attested": "Birch and Hart link the loss of village residence in western valleys to pressure from a conflict frontier. Their study uses site dates, settlement patterns and pottery. They note that some village moves had other causes.",
      "unknown": "The study does not trace each family or each move. Exact dates, routes and later access to the old village lands are unclear. Refuge at sites farther east is a linked proposal.",
      "next_step": "Assess this bounded withdrawal for the atlas. Keep its limits and its possible links to other village moves clear.",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-antiquity/article/conflict-population-movement-and-microscale-social-networks-in-northern-iroquoian-archaeology/BE87E60A00FED04EAC776AAA127F7C2F/share/42cf4218d2c1f2bb84e7f5f40892399bba383f48"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "Jennifer Birch, John P. Hart (2021). Conflict, Population Movement, and Microscale Social Networks in Northern Iroquoian Archaeology. American Antiquity 86(2):350–367. DOI: 10.1017/aaq.2021.5."
      ]
    },
{
  "id": "ledger-a463168d605691298cc5",
  "name": "Health and burial treatment at Harappa",
  "place_and_era": "Harappa, in present-day Pakistan; burial groups from about 2550 to 1700 BCE. These dates describe the study, not a removal event.",
  "attested": "A study reports disease and unequal burial treatment at Harappa. It cites earlier injury findings and discusses population decline. The original dig report describes mixed human and animal remains with burial pottery in Area G.",
  "unknown": "The dig report names several possible causes: massacre, raid, accident or epidemic. These sources do not establish that a group lost its homes or use of land. The burial samples do not show rates of disease or violence among people alive at the time.",
  "next_step": "Compare the Area G burial context with evidence for where people lived. Check whether a specific process changed access to homes or land for a group.",
  "sources": [
    "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0084814",
    "https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/18220.pdf",
    "https://archive.org/download/in.gov.ignca.9842/9842.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Gwen Robbins Schug and colleagues, Infection, Disease, and Biosocial Processes at the End of the Indus Civilization, PLOS ONE 8(12), e84814 (2013), pp.4–11 and16–17; Tables1–2. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0084814.",
    "Madho Sarup Vats, Excavations at Harappa (1940), vol. I, Chapter V, pp. 192–202; especially pp. 197–202. PDF pages 219–229.",
    "Vats, Excavations at Harappa (1940), vol. II, plates XXXIX–XLII and LVIII(a). PDF pages 89, 90, 92, 94 and 124."
  ]
},
{
      "id": "ledger-61c98e9b0fbbd5c4836d",
      "name": "Fire and departure at a Mitchell house",
      "place_and_era": "Mitchell, in present-day South Dakota, United States. The ancient date is not known.",
      "attested": "Meleen describes burned posts, pots and other finds at House 1. He interprets them as signs of a partial fire and a hurried departure. His report also describes village defenses.",
      "unknown": "The cause and date are not known. This report does not show that people were forced out or that the whole village was left. The link between the village and nearby burial mounds is unclear.",
      "next_step": "Check excavation records and later studies of the site. Look for evidence of what caused the departure and what happened to the use of this house.",
      "sources": [
        "https://www.mitchellindianvillage.org/s/A-Preliminary-Report-on-the-Mitchell-Indian-Village_compressed-1.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "Elmer E. Meleen, A Preliminary Report of the Mitchell Indian Village and Burial Mounds on Firesteel Creek, Mitchell, Davison County, South Dakota (Museum of University of South Dakota, December1938), PartI, pp.4,9,14."
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-5d06d5ad55d05f0d514c",
      "name": "The earlier Yueh-chih flight",
      "place_and_era": "An ancient movement before Kushan rule. The homeland and date are unknown. The account names northern Bactria as a later home.",
      "attested": "Puri says Hsiung-nu pressure drove the Great Yueh-chih from their homeland. They later settled in northern Bactria.",
      "unknown": "The route and the size of the group are unknown. The account does not link every later leg to the same people.",
      "next_step": "Assess the reported departure and later settlement as one bounded question. Keep later Kushan acts separate.",
      "sources": [
        "https://apnaorg.com/books/english/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "B. N. Puri, The Kushans, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, volume II, chapter 11 (first publication 1994; held impression 1996), pp. 239, 240."
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-9cfe90166c90185a7064",
      "name": "Kujula defeats four rival rulers",
      "place_and_era": "The early Kushan realm. The four domains and the exact date remain unknown.",
      "attested": "Puri says Kujula defeated four other yabghu and made himself king. Their separate rule ended in this account.",
      "unknown": "The account does not name the four rulers or fix their domain bounds. The fate of residents is unknown.",
      "next_step": "Assess one collective loss of rule. Do not turn the four rulers into four separate capture events.",
      "sources": [
        "https://apnaorg.com/books/english/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "B. N. Puri, The Kushans, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, volume II, chapter 11 (first publication 1994; held impression 1996), pp. 240."
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-0e01fbcc0e33852617dd",
      "name": "Kujula takes Kabul",
      "place_and_era": "Kao-fu, which Puri calls Kabul. The date and exact tract bounds are unknown.",
      "attested": "Puri identifies Kao-fu as Kabul and says Kujula took it. The account describes a loss of Indo-Parthian control.",
      "unknown": "Kapisa is related context, but its exact link to Kabul is not settled. Household removal and the duration of rule remain unknown.",
      "next_step": "Assess the Kabul control claim. Keep the place-name link open and do not add a separate Kapisa capture.",
      "sources": [
        "https://apnaorg.com/books/english/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "B. N. Puri, The Kushans, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, volume II, chapter 11 (first publication 1994; held impression 1996), pp. 240, 247."
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-a440135ad88af5760d1d",
      "name": "Kujula takes P'u-ta",
      "place_and_era": "P'u-ta, which Puri calls Pushkalavati. This ancient account gives no fixed date or city boundary.",
      "attested": "Puri says Kujula overthrew prior rule and annexed P'u-ta. The city came under his control in this account.",
      "unknown": "The source does not state what happened to residents. The duration of control and exact date remain unknown.",
      "next_step": "Assess this loss of city control. Keep it separate from the older account of Alexander at the same city.",
      "sources": [
        "https://apnaorg.com/books/english/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "B. N. Puri, The Kushans, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, volume II, chapter 11 (first publication 1994; held impression 1996), pp. 240, 241."
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-f0012f0ea29219121707",
      "name": "Kujula takes Chi-pin",
      "place_and_era": "Chi-pin, which Puri calls Kashmir. The date and exact extent of rule remain unknown.",
      "attested": "Puri says Kujula overthrew prior rule and annexed Chi-pin. The account states a change of control.",
      "unknown": "The fate of residents and priests is unknown. The exact place-name match and duration of rule remain open.",
      "next_step": "Assess the reported control loss. Keep later Kashmir priest and court stories separate.",
      "sources": [
        "https://apnaorg.com/books/english/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "B. N. Puri, The Kushans, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, volume II, chapter 11 (first publication 1994; held impression 1996), pp. 240, 241."
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-d9b41316c856e3c489f8",
      "name": "Vima and T'ien-chu",
      "place_and_era": "T'ien-chu is the broad source name for India. Its exact extent and the conquest date are unknown.",
      "attested": "Puri says Vima conquered T'ien-chu and put a general in control.",
      "unknown": "Its link to the Indus conquest is unresolved. The account does not map a conquest of the whole subcontinent.",
      "next_step": "Assess the tract and its link to the Indus claim. Resolve whether both describe the same conquest.",
      "sources": [
        "https://apnaorg.com/books/english/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "B. N. Puri, The Kushans, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, volume II, chapter 11 (first publication 1994; held impression 1996), pp. 240."
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-76f39307ce732988eb4f",
      "name": "Vima takes the Indus valley",
      "place_and_era": "The Indus valley to Sind. This ancient account gives no exact date or boundary.",
      "attested": "Puri says Vima seized this tract as Indo-Parthian power weakened. The claim describes a change of rule.",
      "unknown": "The link to T'ien-chu is unresolved. The account does not state that households left their homes.",
      "next_step": "Assess the Indus control claim and its overlap with T'ien-chu. Keep Vima separate from Kujula.",
      "sources": [
        "https://apnaorg.com/books/english/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "B. N. Puri, The Kushans, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, volume II, chapter 11 (first publication 1994; held impression 1996), pp. 247."
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-78e1d92b93352f982f83",
      "name": "Kanishka and the Parthian war",
      "place_and_era": "Former Indo-Parthian lands in Iran. The war site and date remain unknown.",
      "attested": "Puri cites a Buddhist war story. Ghirshman links it to a possible Parthian bid to regain lost lands.",
      "unknown": "The account does not fix the land won or lost. The proposed cause of war remains uncertain.",
      "next_step": "Assess what the reported war changed in land control or use. Keep its proposed cause separate from its outcome.",
      "sources": [
        "https://apnaorg.com/books/english/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "B. N. Puri, The Kushans, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, volume II, chapter 11 (first publication 1994; held impression 1996), pp. 247."
      ]
    },
{
  "id": "ledger-17af19ccf4a70c0479af",
  "name": "Begram: destruction and abandonment questions",
  "place_and_era": "The New Royal City at Begram, Afghanistan. The dates and links between its occupation layers remain disputed.",
  "attested": "Puri reports destruction at Begram. Later studies question the dates and links between layers; Morris argues for continued occupation, then abandonment.",
  "unknown": "The cause of abandonment and its effect on residents are not established. The studies may refer to different layers.",
  "next_step": "Compare the excavation records to identify which layers each account describes and what ended their use.",
  "sources": [
    "https://apnaorg.com/books/english/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2.pdf",
    "https://www.persee.fr/doc/topoi_1161-9473_2001_num_11_1_1942",
    "https://www.basar.uni-freiburg.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Lauren-Morris-Deposition-of-Begram-Hoard-2017.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "B. N. Puri, The Kushans, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, volume II, chapter 11 (first publication 1994; held impression 1996), pp. 243.",
    "Osmund Bopearachchi, Les données numismatiques et la datation du bazar de Begram, Topoi 11/1 (2001; published 2003), pp. 411–435.",
    "Lauren Morris, Revised dates for the deposition of the Begram hoard and occupation at the New Royal City, Parthica 19 (2017), pp. 75–104; consulted manuscript, physical pp. 1–30, with five figures omitted."
  ]
},
{
      "id": "ledger-ec5a5bdf0132d9689874",
      "name": "Ardashir takes three eastern tracts",
      "place_and_era": "Margiana, Carmania and Sistan. Each tract has its own control claim. Exact dates remain unknown.",
      "attested": "Puri says Ardashir conquered Margiana. He also names conquests of Carmania and Sistan.",
      "unknown": "The order of events and the fate of residents are unknown.",
      "next_step": "Assess each tract claim within this linked question. Keep later submission and Shapur phases separate.",
      "sources": [
        "https://apnaorg.com/books/english/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "B. N. Puri, The Kushans, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, volume II, chapter 11 (first publication 1994; held impression 1996), pp. 248."
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-fd8b2ee403c8243a1ea2",
      "name": "Kushans regain lost territory",
      "place_and_era": "Former Kushan lands before Shapur II came of age. Exact tracts and dates remain unknown.",
      "attested": "Puri says the Kushans regained lost lands amid disorder in Iran.",
      "unknown": "The account does not name each recovered tract or the power that lost it. Whether any household returned is unknown.",
      "next_step": "Identify the recovered tract and earlier holder of control. Keep this phase separate from the earlier conquests.",
      "sources": [
        "https://apnaorg.com/books/english/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "B. N. Puri, The Kushans, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, volume II, chapter 11 (first publication 1994; held impression 1996), pp. 248."
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-4aa271e5c7a83f5c379f",
      "name": "Shapur II defeats the Kushans",
      "place_and_era": "The Kushan conflict under Shapur II. The battle site and exact date are unknown.",
      "attested": "Puri says Shapur II renewed war and decisively defeated the Kushans.",
      "unknown": "The effects on land or homes are unknown. Defeat does not by itself show that a whole people left.",
      "next_step": "Assess any stated change in control or use after this defeat. Keep this war separate from the wars of Shapur I.",
      "sources": [
        "https://apnaorg.com/books/english/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "B. N. Puri, The Kushans, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, volume II, chapter 11 (first publication 1994; held impression 1996), pp. 248."
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-ab1317657dbae28c433a",
      "name": "Kanishka and eastern rule",
      "place_and_era": "Mathura, Kausambi and Sarnath have inscriptions. Coins occur as far as Patna and Gaya. These are ancient sites of rule or finds.",
      "attested": "Puri links inscriptions, coin finds and written accounts to wider Kushan rule.",
      "unknown": "The finds do not fix one conquest or a prior holder of control. The extent and dates remain open.",
      "next_step": "Separate evidence of rule from evidence of a specific conquest. Assess its link to the Pataliputra story.",
      "sources": [
        "https://apnaorg.com/books/english/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "B. N. Puri, The Kushans, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, volume II, chapter 11 (first publication 1994; held impression 1996), pp. 249, 252."
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-d5587938c4775e75c8c3",
      "name": "Ashvaghosha in a war payment",
      "place_and_era": "Pataliputra in a religious story. The date and any later home for Ashvaghosha remain unknown.",
      "attested": "Puri retells the defeat of its king. Kanishka demanded payment. He accepted Ashvaghosha, the alms bowl of the Buddha and a cock.",
      "unknown": "Whether Ashvaghosha consented or moved is unknown. The story does not state that Kanishka annexed the city.",
      "next_step": "Assess whether the payment changed control of his life or his residence. Keep the person distinct from the two objects.",
      "sources": [
        "https://apnaorg.com/books/english/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "B. N. Puri, The Kushans, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, volume II, chapter 11 (first publication 1994; held impression 1996), pp. 249."
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-0cf2b443644b372c5356",
      "name": "Lost eastern lands after Huvishka",
      "place_and_era": "Some distant eastern Kushan lands after Huvishka. The lost tracts and dates remain unknown.",
      "attested": "Puri says the Kushans lost some eastern lands. They kept Mathura under their rule.",
      "unknown": "The account does not name the new rulers of each lost tract. It does not give one date for all losses.",
      "next_step": "Assess each lost tract and its change of rule. Keep Mathura apart from the lost lands.",
      "sources": [
        "https://apnaorg.com/books/english/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "B. N. Puri, The Kushans, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, volume II, chapter 11 (first publication 1994; held impression 1996), pp. 249."
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-850f7b3a6a4160cb7e00",
      "name": "Further losses after Vasudeva",
      "place_and_era": "Kushan lands after Vasudeva. Exact tracts and dates remain unknown.",
      "attested": "Puri says new dynasties and republican states took more Kushan territory after a period of stable rule.",
      "unknown": "The account does not name all new rulers or fix each transfer. It does not give one date for all losses.",
      "next_step": "Assess the tract and prior rule in each claimed loss. Keep the Huvishka and Vasudeva phases separate.",
      "sources": [
        "https://apnaorg.com/books/english/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "B. N. Puri, The Kushans, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, volume II, chapter 11 (first publication 1994; held impression 1996), pp. 250."
      ]
    },
{
  "id": "ledger-adbd0a83c04a749cd9f8",
  "name": "A proposed move from the Tensas Basin to Jordan",
  "place_and_era": "Kidder places this movement in northeast Louisiana, roughly 1550 to 1680. These are broad source dates.",
  "attested": "Kidder proposes that people moved west from the Tensas Basin and gathered at Jordan. He suggests disease and political change as possible causes.\n\nThe 1989 report adds a possible origin at Wilmot. It proposes that some people from there found refuge at Jordan. It also raises a possible Koroa link.",
  "unknown": "Who moved, how pressure shaped the move, and what happened at the places they left are unresolved. The chapter does not establish an expulsion.\n\nThe proposed Wilmot and Transylvania origins do not prove one group or one move. A Koroa link remains uncertain.",
  "next_step": "Examine the proposed move and changes in residence as separate questions. Keep the possible causes and group identities open.\n\nKeep each proposed origin distinct. Study the terms of refuge and any change in local residence.",
  "sources": [
    "https://mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2020-04/AR-25.pdf",
    "https://archeology.uark.edu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/RS37_acc.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Kidder 1993, chapter 14, printed p. 256",
    "Marvin D. Jeter and G. Ishmael Williams, Jr., Chapter 7, “Late Prehistoric Cultures, A.D. 1000–1500”, in Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Trans-Mississippi South in Arkansas and Louisiana (Arkansas Archeological Survey, RS37, 1989), printed pp. 184, 185 (physical PDF pp. 196, 197). One accepted report component; cited originals and analyst readings do not add independent historical witnesses."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-49fa11628edb285512df",
  "name": "People gather near the lower Ouachita river junctions",
  "place_and_era": "Kidder places this change near the lower Ouachita river junctions between 1682 and about 1700. It follows the earlier Tensas-to-Jordan movement.",
  "attested": "He proposes that villages joined near the Ouachita and Bayou Bartholomew. He links this change to the collapse at Jordan and new trade conditions. He suggests that people from several groups joined.\n\nThe 1989 report proposes a later move from Jordan. It points toward Bayou Bartholomew and the Ouachita. The people and route remain uncertain.",
  "unknown": "The groups, household choices and changes in land use are not fully known. When villages join, this does not prove that earlier residents lost their homes.\n\nThe source does not establish one route or the same people at each place. Later homes near the river junctions do not establish a second departure.",
  "next_step": "Keep the decline at Jordan and the new settlements distinct. Clarify whose residence changed. Do not treat pottery styles as peoples.\n\nKeep the departure from Jordan and later homes near the river junctions distinct. Do not assume one group took every step.",
  "sources": [
    "https://mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2020-04/AR-25.pdf",
    "https://archeology.uark.edu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/RS37_acc.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Kidder 1993, chapter 14, printed pp. 255–257",
    "Marvin D. Jeter and G. Ishmael Williams, Jr., Chapter 7, “Late Prehistoric Cultures, A.D. 1000–1500”, in Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Trans-Mississippi South in Arkansas and Louisiana (Arkansas Archeological Survey, RS37, 1989), printed pp. 184, 185 (physical PDF pp. 196, 197). One accepted report component; cited originals and analyst readings do not add independent historical witnesses."
  ]
},
{
      "id": "ledger-6b0326d8481528ca17ee",
      "name": "Reported armed attacks on northeast Louisiana communities",
      "place_and_era": "Kidder discusses northeast Louisiana in the early 1700s. He does not give one exact attack date or a complete list of affected places.",
      "attested": "He reports that armed incursions were blamed for severe losses among Native communities. He names Chickasaw and Choctaw in this account. He also discusses a wider loss of local residents.",
      "unknown": "The specific attacks, communities, numbers and resident outcomes remain unclear. The report does not show that all earlier residents were killed or expelled.",
      "next_step": "Clarify the reported attacks and their effects on residence. Keep death, flight and fusion with other groups distinct.",
      "sources": [
        "https://mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2020-04/AR-25.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "Kidder 1993, chapter 14, printed p. 257"
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-0dc4580d1e1bfa37b0af",
      "name": "French policy and encouraged Native settlement",
      "place_and_era": "Kidder describes settlement on the Yazoo River and near Natchitoches in the early 1700s. These are separate areas for settlement, not one mapped route.",
      "attested": "He reports that French policy encouraged Native groups to settle in these areas. The aim included defense against rival powers and their Native allies. French resources also shifted toward the Red River.",
      "unknown": "The groups, origins, terms and household choices are unresolved. Encouragement does not by itself establish forced transport or loss of home rights.",
      "next_step": "Clarify the terms of settlement and any change in residence or land control. Keep the two areas and their groups separate.",
      "sources": [
        "https://mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2020-04/AR-25.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "Kidder 1993, chapter 14, printed p. 257"
      ]
    },
{
  "id": "ledger-ad5706e67abef6d2975c",
  "name": "A decline in Lower Ohio Valley settlement",
  "place_and_era": "The Lower Ohio Valley and the Wabash river mouth. The later study covers a broad period from about 1400 to 1700. These are context dates, not the date of one move.",
  "attested": "Muller describes a large decline in settlement. He rejects a sudden departure of every resident. Pollack and Munson describe a move downstream from Angel toward the Wabash. They report that settlement density and outside exchange continued.",
  "unknown": "The causes, people who left, routes and exact sequence remain unclear. The accounts cover different places and scales. Neither establishes forced removal. Continued settlement density does not prove that the total number of people stayed the same.",
  "next_step": "Trace where people stayed or moved after Angel was left. Keep that local history separate from wider decline. Test the proposed causes. Do not treat decline as proof of expulsion.",
  "sources": [
    "https://mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2020-04/AR-25.pdf",
    "https://heritage.ky.gov/Documents/Current%20Archaeological%20Research%20in%20KY%20Vol%205.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Muller 1993, chapter 10, printed p. 132 (context pp. 131–132)",
    "David Pollack and Cheryl Ann Munson, Caborn-Welborn Ceramics: Intersite Comparisons and Extraregional Interaction, Current Archaeological Research in Kentucky, Volume Five (1998), printed pp. 163, 165."
  ]
},
{
      "id": "ledger-b65e0c3d1d7919267c6d",
      "name": "Possible upland moves away from demands by chiefs",
      "place_and_era": "The question comes from a Lower Ohio Valley study. The places and dates of these possible upland moves remain unclear.",
      "attested": "Muller suggests that some upland sites reflect moves away from harsh demands by chiefs. This is a proposed cause.",
      "unknown": "The sites and people remain unclear. Their prior homes, new homes and changes in residence are not known. This view does not explain all regional decline.",
      "next_step": "Find out which sites and moves fit this view. Keep it separate from the wider decline in settlement.",
      "sources": [
        "https://mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2020-04/AR-25.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "Muller 1993, chapter 10, printed p. 140 (context pp. 138–140)"
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-54d551042b43971ed400",
      "name": "People from Balkh settle in an Indian city",
      "place_and_era": "People from Balkh in a city in India. The city and date remain unclear.",
      "attested": "Litvinsky cites a literary work. It reports that people from Balkh settled in a city.",
      "unknown": "The cause, number of people and changes in land use remain unclear. The report does not establish forced removal.",
      "next_step": "Clarify where people settled and what changed in residence or land use. Keep the cause open.",
      "sources": [
        "https://apnaorg.com/books/english/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "Litvinsky 1994, held 1996 impression, chapter 13, printed p. 296, note 33 (context pp. 295–296)"
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-4c3106ba105ac69801cb",
      "name": "An artist goes to work at a monastery",
      "place_and_era": "An artist goes from Pushkalavati to Asmaka. Asmaka is probably in Central Asia. The place and date are not certain.",
      "attested": "Litvinsky reports a story about an artist from Pushkalavati who went to Asmaka. He went there to work at a monastery.",
      "unknown": "The author of the Sutralamkara is uncertain. The exact date, location and changes in residence remain unclear. The story does not establish forced labor.",
      "next_step": "Clarify what the journey changed in residence or land use. Do not assume that the work was forced.",
      "sources": [
        "https://apnaorg.com/books/english/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "Litvinsky 1994, held 1996 impression, chapter 13, printed p. 300, Sutralamkara IV.21 story"
      ]
    },
{
  "id": "ledger-c2fde15ed83675d13e46",
  "name": "An attack and a question about homes",
  "place_and_era": "The McCutchan-McLaughlin site. The date of the reported attack is unknown.",
  "attested": "Schambach reports violent deaths at the site. Leith reports possible homes near the mound that held graves. Excavation exposed part of one possible home, with a floor and possible posts. His study also uses earlier work on the deaths and proposes a boundary between groups.",
  "unknown": "The accounts do not establish who used the tested home when the attack took place. They do not show whether the attack caused loss of homes or land. The attack date remains unknown. He did not excavate the other possible homes at this site.",
  "next_step": "Check whether the people killed lived at the site. Ask what the attack changed in the use of homes or land.",
  "sources": [
    "https://mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2020-04/AR-25.pdf",
    "https://shareok.org/items/04cacc7b-d07e-400b-8f9e-18e75ade8e69"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Schambach 1993, chapter 13, printed pp. 191–192 (PDF physical pp. 204–205)",
    "Luther J. Leith, A Re-Conceptualization of the Fourche Maline Culture: The Woodland Period as a Transition in Eastern Oklahoma (PhD dissertation, University of Oklahoma, 2011), printed pp. 37–39 and 140–177. Selected site context and settlement/territoriality chapters; figures, other chapters and cited originals not verified."
  ]
},
{
      "id": "ledger-2712ca6e4e892e27bd8e",
      "name": "A proposed trader settlement at Sanders",
      "place_and_era": "Sanders in the Red River Valley. The date and the homes of the proposed traders remain unclear.",
      "attested": "Schambach proposes that traders from the Arkansas Valley settled at Sanders. He compares objects and human remains. Other explanations exist.",
      "unknown": "The report does not establish a forced move or a loss of local land. A proposed link to child adoption, slavery and disease remains a guess.",
      "next_step": "Clarify who settled at Sanders and on what terms. Ask what changed for those who arrived and for people already there.",
      "sources": [
        "https://mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2020-04/AR-25.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "Schambach 1993, chapter 13, printed pp. 203–207 (PDF physical pp. 216–220)"
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-aa10a57cc71f4b6f8e74",
      "name": "A proposed trader settlement at Nagle",
      "place_and_era": "Nagle is near Oklahoma City. The date and the homes of any proposed traders remain unclear.",
      "attested": "Schambach proposes that traders settled at Nagle. He compares burial objects and human remains with finds from other sites.",
      "unknown": "These comparisons do not establish a forced move or a loss of local land. Modern damage to graves does not describe an ancient removal.",
      "next_step": "Clarify who used Nagle and whether traders settled there. Ask what changed in residence, land use or access.",
      "sources": [
        "https://mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2020-04/AR-25.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "Schambach 1993, chapter 13, printed pp. 207–208 (PDF physical pp. 220–221)"
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-c70b3783b2d3c9de9f8f",
      "name": "A report of war between Tanico and Tula",
      "place_and_era": "Tanico and Tula in a report from the sixteenth century. The exact places, groups and dates remain unclear.",
      "attested": "Schambach relays a report through Quinn. In this account, a leader described war and said the groups did not understand each other.",
      "unknown": "The report does not establish a loss of homes or land. The identity of Tula and the extent of the war remain uncertain.",
      "next_step": "Clarify which groups the account names and how they used the area. Ask whether the reported war changed residence or access to land.",
      "sources": [
        "https://mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2020-04/AR-25.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "Schambach 1993, chapter 13, printed pp. 222–223 (PDF physical pp. 235–236)"
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-d1d5a70510a0dedff6dc",
      "name": "Did people linked to Spiro move to Tanico?",
      "place_and_era": "Spiro and proposed later settlements along the Arkansas River. The places, groups and dates in this proposed sequence remain unclear.",
      "attested": "Schambach asks whether people linked to Spiro moved to Tanico. He also asks whether Wichita later entered a western area.",
      "unknown": "These ideas do not establish a forced move, a cause of decline or a transfer of land. They do not prove that the named groups were the same people.",
      "next_step": "Clarify which settlements continued and which people moved, if any. Treat each proposed stage as a separate question about residence and land use.",
      "sources": [
        "https://mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2020-04/AR-25.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "Schambach 1993, chapter 13, printed pp. 221–224 (PDF physical pp. 234–237)"
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-585d222eb3561ac0f386",
      "name": "Water duties and pressure at Vargsar",
      "place_and_era": "Vargsar and Samarkand. The chapter places the duties in an early medieval context. The dates of the attacks remain unknown.",
      "attested": "The chapter reports dam guard duties and land-tax relief at Vargsar. It also says invaders tried to destroy the dam and force Samarkand to yield.",
      "unknown": "The account does not fix each attack, its date or its result. Changes to homes, land use and control remain unclear.",
      "next_step": "Keep dam duties separate from attacks. Clarify who acted, who used the land and what changed.",
      "sources": [
        "https://apnaorg.com/books/english/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "Mukhamedjanov 1994, chapter 12, printed p. 263 (PDF physical p. 264)"
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-b6c7e1853b5e4634bde8",
      "name": "A duty to guard the Samarkand water supply",
      "place_and_era": "Samarkand. The exact date of the reported duty is unknown.",
      "attested": "The chapter says magi had to maintain and guard an aqueduct. It also reports land revenue for this duty.",
      "unknown": "The account does not show a transfer of land ownership or a move from home. The people and land involved need clearer bounds.",
      "next_step": "Clarify who owed the duty and how they used the land. Ask what the duty changed for them.",
      "sources": [
        "https://apnaorg.com/books/english/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "Mukhamedjanov 1994, chapter 12, printed p. 264 (PDF physical p. 265)"
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-7fa6e2ad84fdda5e1468",
      "name": "Slaves in the Toprak-kala records",
      "place_and_era": "Toprak-kala. The chapter describes household records. This question has no settled date.",
      "attested": "The chapter lists enslaved people in wealthy households. It refers to records seven and eight.",
      "unknown": "The chapter does not explain how each person entered a household. Their origins and later homes remain unclear. The cited Tok-kala title needs a clearer link.",
      "next_step": "Clarify the people and status in the records. Ask what changed in residence, land use or access.",
      "sources": [
        "https://apnaorg.com/books/english/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "Mukhamedjanov 1994, chapter 12, printed pp. 280–281 (PDF physical pp. 281–282)"
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-1a5203004d4f60f12894",
      "name": "India and the trade in enslaved people",
      "place_and_era": "India in this account. The specific groups, dates and routes remain unknown.",
      "attested": "The chapter reports imports and exports of enslaved people. It cites Pigulevskaya for the export list.",
      "unknown": "The account does not identify a specific group, capture route or land outcome. It does not establish the later homes of those traded.",
      "next_step": "Clarify which people the trade reports describe. Ask where they lived and what the trade changed for them.",
      "sources": [
        "https://apnaorg.com/books/english/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "Mukhamedjanov 1994, chapter 12, printed p. 277 (PDF physical p. 278)"
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-bc35e7a0978eb00827f2",
      "name": "Sogdians who lived at Tun-huang",
      "place_and_era": "Tun-huang. The letter dates differ: late second or early fourth century CE. These are not dates of a move.",
      "attested": "The chapter describes free Sogdian residents at Tun-huang. An estimate also includes slaves and families. The account notes ties with Samarkand.",
      "unknown": "The account does not show that all residents arrived by force. An estimate does not give the size of a forced group.",
      "next_step": "Clarify who lived at Tun-huang and how they came to live there. Keep slave status separate from claims about how all residents arrived.",
      "sources": [
        "https://apnaorg.com/books/english/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "Mukhamedjanov 1994, chapter 12, printed p. 278 (PDF physical p. 279)"
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-ce27431f76c44d2472f4",
      "name": "A Han campaign in Ferghana",
      "place_and_era": "Ferghana and the eastern Silk Route. This question has no settled campaign date.",
      "attested": "The chapter reports Han control along the Silk Route and a campaign in Ferghana.",
      "unknown": "A campaign does not by itself show that local people lost homes or land. Other Han cases do not fix the date here.",
      "next_step": "Clarify the reported campaign, affected people or tract, and result. Keep the mission, campaign and later outposts separate.",
      "sources": [
        "https://apnaorg.com/books/english/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "Mukhamedjanov 1994, chapter 12, printed p. 279 (PDF physical p. 280)"
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-1133cab5134f81126601",
      "name": "Land and revenue at Old Nisa",
      "place_and_era": "Old Nisa. The chapter draws on records from the first century BCE. That is context, not a date for a new land seizure.",
      "attested": "The chapter describes royal estates and types of land revenue. It names uzbar, dastkirt and patbazik.",
      "unknown": "The chapter does not show how these holdings began. It does not establish a new seizure of land or a move by its users.",
      "next_step": "Clarify who controlled and used the land. Ask what the revenue terms show about property and duties.",
      "sources": [
        "https://apnaorg.com/books/english/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "Mukhamedjanov 1994, chapter 12, printed p. 281 (PDF physical p. 282)"
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-ef8161489f722c0100eb",
      "name": "Did landholders try to bind people to land?",
      "place_and_era": "The chapter discusses communes and land. It does not fix a date, actor or tract for this proposed change.",
      "attested": "The author thinks the state and large landholders tried to bind commune members to the land. He presents this as probable.",
      "unknown": "The account does not establish one change for all communities. It leaves the process and its effects on homes and land unresolved.",
      "next_step": "Clarify which people and land the claim concerns. Ask what evidence supports a change in their duties or freedom to move.",
      "sources": [
        "https://apnaorg.com/books/english/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2/history-of-civilizations-of-central-asia-vol-2.pdf"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "Mukhamedjanov 1994, chapter 12, printed pp. 281–282 (PDF physical pp. 282–283)"
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-2864110ae671841283ae",
      "name": "A condition to keep estates",
      "place_and_era": "Kharagpur in Bengal is the reported place. The account links the claim to Akbar, but gives no event year.",
      "attested": "Eaton reports that defeated Kharagpur rulers accepted Islam to keep their family estates. He cites a census report.",
      "unknown": "The account does not show whether they kept the estates or lost any land. The terms and effects remain unclear.",
      "next_step": "Trace the report and define the estates at issue. Ask what the condition changed for the rulers and other users.",
      "sources": [
        "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn05.23"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "Eaton 1993, chapter 5, note 23"
      ]
    },
{
      "id": "ledger-84af188a0d599b10019e",
      "name": "A report of attacks on the Noakhali coast",
      "place_and_era": "The complaint dates from 1638. It concerns the Noakhali coast in Bengal.",
      "attested": "Eaton cites a complaint by the governor. It reports Portuguese attacks on Muslims along the coast.",
      "unknown": "The account does not establish that people left their homes or lost land. The people and places affected remain unclear.",
      "next_step": "Trace the complaint and its source. Ask what the attacks changed for homes, land or local control.",
      "sources": [
        "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn05.62"
      ],
      "source_citations": [
        "Eaton 1993, chapter 5, note 62"
      ]
    }
,
{
  "id": "ledger-f4b72c60fcf56b0d1df3",
  "name": "Jessore comes under Mughal rule",
  "place_and_era": "The source names Jessore in Bengal. It gives no year for this loss of rule.",
  "attested": "Eaton reports that Mughal forces defeated Pratapaditya and put him in prison. Mughal officers then took control of the lands under his rule. They assessed the revenue from those lands.",
  "unknown": "The source does not show that residents lost homes or land rights. The date and the harm to residents remain unclear.",
  "next_step": "Assess this reported loss of rule. Keep the earlier promise of retained lands separate from the later loss of control.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn06.71"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton 1993, chapter 6, notes 71–73"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-bfe53f3f5e528d964524",
  "name": "Sand Canyon Pueblo: attack and loss of residence",
  "place_and_era": "Sand Canyon Pueblo, southwest Colorado. The attack was after 1277 CE. The report estimates that use of the site as a home ended around 1280 CE.",
  "attested": "The site report links a lethal attack to the end of residence at Sand Canyon Pueblo.",
  "unknown": "The report does not establish who attacked, where survivors went, or how many people died.",
  "next_step": "Review this record for atlas admission. Keep the earlier departures separate from the final attack.",
  "sources": [
    "https://crowcanyon.org/ResearchReports/SandCanyon/Text/scpw_summaryconclusions"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Kuckelman 2007, chapter 9, paragraphs 9-16, 51-62, 65-66"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-dcdc737488a8ebcb2b6f",
  "name": "Mahmud cedes territory to Sher Khan",
  "place_and_era": "Eaton places the cession west of Rajmahal in 1535.",
  "attested": "Eaton reports that Sher Khan forced Mahmud to give up territory west of Rajmahal. Mahmud also had to pay tribute.",
  "unknown": "The exact area and changes to local rights remain unclear. The source does not establish that residents lost homes.",
  "next_step": "Assess the reported change in control. Keep the later overthrow separate.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn06.2"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton 1993, chapter 6, notes 2 and 3"
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-f39035a7eb9f6597c2d0",
  "name": "Bengal: seizure and sale of wives and children",
  "place_and_era": "Bengal, South Asia. The account has seventeenth-century context. The dates of the practice are unknown.",
  "attested": "Manrique reports that tax officials seized wives and children from families he called \"heathens\". He says they enslaved them and sold them at auction when families lacked the means to pay tax. An editor's note discusses non-Muslim debtors as a broader group.",
  "unknown": "The chapter does not establish a change of home or land control. Destinations and numbers are unknown.",
  "next_step": "Check whether this practice forced a move or changed land use or access. Names, counts and later land titles are not required.",
  "sources": [
    "https://arakan.data.blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/139_-travels_of_fray_sebastien_manrique_1629-16_-_h_hosten_c_eckford_luard.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Manrique, Travels of Fray Sebastien Manrique 1629-1643, volume I, chapter VI. Routledge 2016 reflow of the Luard/Hosten translation: physical page 119, sections [20/2]-[21/1]; editorial note 5, physical page 123. Original printed-page-53 crosswalk unverified."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-8167f6912a6b4492a2fe",
  "name": "East Tennessee: moves into walled towns",
  "place_and_era": "East Tennessee, late 1200s to early 1300s. The study links the Hiwassee Island and Dallas periods.",
  "attested": "The authors report that turmoil led people from scattered farms and small villages into Dallas towns with wooden walls.",
  "unknown": "The kind of pressure on these moves is unclear. The account does not show that every move was forced. Safety, imposed moves and agreed moves remain possible.",
  "next_step": "Examine how turmoil changed where people lived and what choices they had.",
  "sources": [
    "https://doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2024.1"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Lynne P. Sullivan, Kevin E. Smith, Scott C. Meeks and Shawn M. Patch (2024), \"Tracking Mississippian Migrations from the Central Mississippi Valley to the Ridge and Valley with a Unified Absolute Chronology,\" American Antiquity 89(2): 221-237. DOI: 10.1017/aaq.2024.1. Relevant pages: 225, 226, 228 and 231."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-71d1b9ab4c79e050b244",
  "name": "Middle Cumberland to Ridge and Valley: possible migration",
  "place_and_era": "Middle Cumberland and Ridge and Valley regions, from the mid-1200s into the 1400s.",
  "attested": "The authors propose a gradual movement between these regions. They compare dates, objects and studies of human remains.",
  "unknown": "The migration model does not establish one forced route or one cause for all moves.",
  "next_step": "Identify a bounded move and the pressure, loss of residence or change in land use involved.",
  "sources": [
    "https://doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2024.1"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Lynne P. Sullivan, Kevin E. Smith, Scott C. Meeks and Shawn M. Patch (2024), \"Tracking Mississippian Migrations from the Central Mississippi Valley to the Ridge and Valley with a Unified Absolute Chronology,\" American Antiquity 89(2): 221-237. DOI: 10.1017/aaq.2024.1. Relevant pages: 226 and 228-232."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-fa5affb266d4aeff1f20",
  "name": "Hixon mound: possible refuge from northern Georgia",
  "place_and_era": "Hixon mound, southeast Tennessee, in the 1200s and 1300s.",
  "attested": "The authors report differences between people buried at Hixon and three nearby groups. They suggest refuge from northern Georgia, perhaps Etowah, as one explanation.",
  "unknown": "The authors call the refuge idea speculative. The comparison does not prove an Etowah origin or a forced move. The study identifies no living area linked to the mound.",
  "next_step": "Examine whether the people buried at Hixon came from northern Georgia and what caused any move.",
  "sources": [
    "https://doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2024.1"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Lynne P. Sullivan, Kevin E. Smith, Scott C. Meeks and Shawn M. Patch (2024), \"Tracking Mississippian Migrations from the Central Mississippi Valley to the Ridge and Valley with a Unified Absolute Chronology,\" American Antiquity 89(2): 221-237. DOI: 10.1017/aaq.2024.1. Relevant pages: 227-228 and 230."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-89d0ac48085aa0fcb44c",
  "name": "Etowah: later use by about 1400",
  "place_and_era": "Etowah, northern Georgia, by about 1400, after the earlier violent collapse.",
  "attested": "The study reports that people used Etowah again. It became one of several towns of moderate size in the region.",
  "unknown": "The later residents are not matched to those who left. The study does not establish a new taking of land or forced move into the site.",
  "next_step": "Keep the later use linked to the earlier loss. Examine whether later use involved a separate taking or forced move.",
  "sources": [
    "https://doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2024.1"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Lynne P. Sullivan, Kevin E. Smith, Scott C. Meeks and Shawn M. Patch (2024), \"Tracking Mississippian Migrations from the Central Mississippi Valley to the Ridge and Valley with a Unified Absolute Chronology,\" American Antiquity 89(2): 221-237. DOI: 10.1017/aaq.2024.1. Relevant pages: 225 and 232."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-167a47730862ceb3b628",
  "name": "A Christian farm community at Bhallua",
  "place_and_era": "Bhallua; observed in 1713",
  "attested": "A priest visited the village. He described a local leader, his sons and workers in a farm community.",
  "unknown": "The start date and any loss of earlier land use are unknown. The source does not establish the origin of the leader.",
  "next_step": "Trace how the village formed and who used its land before.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 9, notes 98, 99, 100."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-50cadf4125f687da1aaf",
  "name": "A disputed market on shrine land",
  "place_and_era": "Satkania; grant in 1734, complaint date unknown",
  "attested": "A shrine trustee said Tej Singh set up a market on shrine land without right. The trustee asked for its removal.",
  "unknown": "The passage does not give the judgment or say that the market was removed.",
  "next_step": "Find the outcome of the complaint and its effect on land use.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 9, notes 51."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-27adf3474e4f19c9c3c1",
  "name": "A gap in residence at Strawberry Island",
  "place_and_era": "Strawberry Island, lower Snake River, Washington. Early homes predate European contact. The date of any departure is unknown.",
  "attested": "The report records two groups of homes built at different times. The author suggests a long gap in residence, followed by later use of the site.",
  "unknown": "The cause of the gap is unknown. Some homes had several floors, so the evidence does not show that all people left.",
  "next_step": "Check the dates and layers for each group of homes. Look for evidence of why residence ended or changed.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA132291"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Randall F. Schalk (editor; Chapter 7 author), The 1978 and 1979 Excavations at Strawberry Island in the McNary Reservoir, Project Report 19 (1983), Chapter 7, printed pp. 137–148."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-dce347ee9714c1ae32da",
  "name": "A general transfers control under Sena V",
  "place_and_era": "Sri Lanka during Sena V's reign, in the tenth century. The source reports the second regnal year.",
  "attested": "Codrington describes a general's retaliation after the king killed his brother. Control changed before reconciliation and the king's return.",
  "unknown": "The account calls the treatment oppressive but does not specify all acts. It does not establish mass expulsion.",
  "next_step": "Identify the acts and affected places. Keep this episode separate from Mahinda's later flight.",
  "sources": [
    "https://books.lakdiva.org.lk/codrington/chap03.html"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "H. W. Codrington, A Short History of Ceylon, chapter III, Sena V (web transcription)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-c51c16110c8ccd67cdb8",
  "name": "A grant and settlement at Pingla",
  "place_and_era": "Midnapur; a later account places the grant during the reign of Taj Khan Karrani, 1564–65.",
  "attested": "A tradition links Khondkar Shah Ala to a grant from Taj Khan Karrani. Local people helped clear forest.",
  "unknown": "The account does not establish the grant boundary, earlier land rights or any forced move.",
  "next_step": "Check what rights the grant changed and who used the land.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn08.44"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 8, note 44."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-8ffe660dc764b8e3eb80",
  "name": "A Kalinga ruler seeks refuge in Lanka",
  "place_and_era": "Kalinga and Sri Lanka, probably the early seventh century. The date is not secure.",
  "attested": "Codrington reports that a ruler left Kalinga because of war and became a monk in Lanka.",
  "unknown": "The ruler is unnamed. The link to Pulakesin's conquest and its date is tentative. No wider group of refugees is established.",
  "next_step": "Identify the chronicle passage and assess the reported departure. Keep its cause open.",
  "sources": [
    "https://books.lakdiva.org.lk/codrington/chap03.html"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "H. W. Codrington, A Short History of Ceylon, chapter III, Kalinga ruler flight (web transcription)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-2aed7d425b03a286fd8a",
  "name": "A kazi settlement in Gaurnadi: record 696",
  "place_and_era": "Gaurnadi, Bakarganj; recorded in surveys from 1902–1913. The settlement date is unknown.",
  "attested": "A survey links the community to a kazi who was among the early settlers.",
  "unknown": "The account does not establish earlier land rights or a taking. This village has a separate survey record.",
  "next_step": "Trace this community and its land history without merging the two records.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn08.91"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 8, note 91."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-df8ce4f0e09aed402392",
  "name": "A lama and part of his flock in refuge",
  "place_and_era": "From Sikkim to Puraniya district. Hamilton published the account in 1819. He gives no exact year for the flight.",
  "attested": "Hamilton says a lama fled with part of his flock to escape Gorkhalese violence. The lama was his main source on Sikkim.",
  "unknown": "Hamilton reports what an informant told him. The home village, group size and ethnic identity remain unknown. The account does not establish permanent settlement or a later return.",
  "next_step": "Trace this group and its former homes. Keep this earlier flight separate from the letter of 1827.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30364/30364-h/30364-h.htm"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Francis Buchanan Hamilton, An Account of the Kingdom of Nepal (1819). Hamilton1819 Introduction printed1–2, with entire introduction1–6 read for method; Country of Sikim118–128 for bounded context. HTML transcription with print anchors; no scanned-page verification. Informant account, not an eyewitness claim about flight."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-d9af057dc49cc29dadf0",
  "name": "A land grant and settlement at Mithapur",
  "place_and_era": "Mithapur in Bengal; an eighteenth-century settlement account.",
  "attested": "Eaton links settlement at Mithapur to a revenue grant and cooperation between Janaki Ballav Roy and Shaikh Ghazi.",
  "unknown": "The account does not establish prior rights or show that anyone had to leave. Forest does not mean vacant land.",
  "next_step": "Identify the land rights before and after the grant, and any earlier residents.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn08.94"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993 archive context), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 8, notes 94."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-7cc4e799a66c3782f66c",
  "name": "A leader leaves Saiyidpur",
  "place_and_era": "Saiyidpur in Bengal; an account from 1906 about the eighteenth century.",
  "attested": "Eaton reports that a captain got a holy man to leave after local farmers withheld rent. The captain then gained revenue rights.",
  "unknown": "How the man left and where he went are unknown. The account does not establish a violent attack.",
  "next_step": "Define the change in control. Keep the unknown means of departure explicit.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn08.97"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993 archive context), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 8, notes 97."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-aa1f7972066b856f58c8",
  "name": "A possible refuge at Cerro de en medio",
  "place_and_era": "Aguascalientes, Mexico. The study concerns the Late Classic period, 500 to 900 CE. This does not date a known flight.",
  "attested": "The study records hilltop homes, walls and food stores. The authors suggest that people used the site as a refuge.",
  "unknown": "The study does not show who sought shelter or why people later left. The authors also consider other uses for the food stores and hilltop.",
  "next_step": "Look for evidence of when people lived at the site, why they came and why they left.",
  "sources": [
    "https://doi.org/10.1080/15740773.2022.2124143"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Manuel de Jesús Dueñas-Garcia, Miriam Selene Campos-Martinez and Nicola Lercari, Evaluating settlement defensibility during the late classic (2022), author-uploaded version: internal pp. 17–24; methods/results pp. 7–16. Final pagination not mapped."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-f4d0a345e581a6f37381",
  "name": "A possible temporary move at Consol",
  "place_and_era": "Consol, in the Upper Ohio Valley. The study compares the earlier village with sites occupied in the 1300s. It does not give the date of a temporary move.",
  "attested": "Two village layouts overlap. The authors infer that residents had to live elsewhere for a time between the two occupations. They think that the same community built both villages.",
  "unknown": "The place where people stayed, the length of the gap and its cause remain unknown. The source does not establish force or loss of land rights. It leaves the cause of later village growth open.",
  "next_step": "Check the dates and order of construction. Look for evidence of where people lived during the gap and why they moved.",
  "sources": [
    "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276014"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "John P. Hart and Bernard K. Means, The Monongahela tradition in “real time”: Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates (2022), PLOS ONE 17(10): e0276014, DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0276014. Discussion, paragraph beginning Consol’s two components represented discrete occupations; temporary relocation and same-community inference remain qualified."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-7e980bf8cf3af7d7edc6",
  "name": "A southward village shift near the Spoon River",
  "place_and_era": "Central Illinois River Valley, near the Spoon and Illinois river junction. Wilson links the shift to Oneota arrival around 1300.",
  "attested": "Wilson reports that villages shifted south as Oneota people arrived in the area. He suggests conflict as a cause. He gives alliances and captivity as possible explanations for mixed pottery.",
  "unknown": "The cause of the move is not established. The source does not name every community or identify the attackers at Orendorf. Mixed pottery alone does not prove captive movement.",
  "next_step": "Check the link between the reported move and conflict. Keep alliance, captive and other accounts distinct.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.wilson.anth.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.anth.d7_wilson/files/sitefiles/publications/Wilson%202015.pdf",
    "https://wilson.anth.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.anth.d7_wilson/files/sitefiles/Reassessing_the_chronology_of_the_Missis.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Greg D. Wilson, Incinerated Villages in the North (2015), printed pp. 104. Original author-hosted chapter; full eight-page text layer and selected published images read. Underlying excavation reports not independently read.",
    "Gregory D. Wilson, Mallory A. Melton, Amber M. VanDerwarker, Reassessing the chronology of the Mississippian Central Illinois River Valley using Bayesian analysis (2017), ahead-of-print physical pp. 4. Consulted author-archived ahead-of-print version; physical pages1–4 and13–15 read. No full model audit or crosswalk to2018issue22–38. Overlapping author, not independent attack confirmation."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-ed9207da4c8d720dd7fd",
  "name": "Afghan refuge in Sylhet",
  "place_and_era": "Southern Sylhet; late sixteenth-century context",
  "attested": "Eaton says Afghan chiefs fled Mughal forces as they advanced. The chiefs found refuge in southern Sylhet.",
  "unknown": "The passage does not name their home tracts. It does not show what changed for people already in Sylhet.",
  "next_step": "Trace this flight and its effects. Keep it distinct from earlier Afghan arrivals.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 9, Religious Gentry of Sylhet opening narrative."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-bdaf6c3439d7a71598c3",
  "name": "Ahom defeat of sultanate forces",
  "place_and_era": "Kuch Bihar and Kamrup, in 1533.",
  "attested": "A note by Eaton reports that Ahom forces defeated the sultanate army. The sultanate then withdrew from Kuch Bihar and Kamrup.",
  "unknown": "This does not show that the wider population was deported. The account does not define the later control of every part of the region.",
  "next_step": "Compare this reversal with the earlier sultanate conquest. Keep it distinct from the broad history of Ahom settlement.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn07.75"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993 archive context), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 7, section s1.7.6, notes 75."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-9c5262f1c1c94439073e",
  "name": "Altamaha and Ocute withdrawal",
  "place_and_era": "Coastal South Carolina toward Guale and Florida, after the 1715 war.",
  "attested": "Smith traces Altamaha and Ocute as Lower Yamassee towns. He reports their later withdrawal toward Guale and Florida.",
  "unknown": "The order of events does not establish whether or how people were forced to move. It does not show that they took others’ land on arrival.",
  "next_step": "Keep these groups and their destinations separate from the Lower Creek return.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archaeology.uga.edu/sites/default/files/2025-03/uga_lab_series_30.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Smith (1992), Historic Period Indian Archaeology of Northern Georgia, p. 36."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-1cc58ed2fc5cd0e40dee",
  "name": "An order to take back land grants",
  "place_and_era": "Sylhet; order in 1672-1673",
  "attested": "Eaton reports an order to take back Hindu rent-free grants. He also records further grants to Hindus in Sylhet after that order.",
  "unknown": "The order does not prove that each grant was taken back. Later grants do not prove that no one lost rights.",
  "next_step": "Find evidence of how the order was applied to particular grants.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 9, notes 93, 94."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-764b99d3d4850381b218",
  "name": "An unexplained departure from Daimabad",
  "place_and_era": "Daimabad, Maharashtra, India. This question concerns the end of the Late Harappan phase and the later Daimabad phase. The departure date is unresolved.",
  "attested": "Sali reports a gap between occupations and weathered deposits. He says the reason that the Late Harappan residents left is unknown.",
  "unknown": "The report does not establish why people left or where they went. Later occupation does not show that the new residents forced them out.",
  "next_step": "Check the layers and dates of the gap. Look for evidence of the cause of departure and later use.",
  "sources": [
    "https://asi.nic.in/admin/publications/ePublicationReportsDetails/download/49"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "S. A. Sali, Daimabad 1976–79, Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India 83 (1986), printed pp. 21, 24, 26."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-6f09f12258058f4bfec0",
  "name": "Apalachee settlement near Savannah Town",
  "place_and_era": "From the Tallahassee area to near former Savannah Town, 1704.",
  "attested": "Smith reports Apalachee settlement near former Savannah Town. Barnwell’s map marks the Apalatachee town as deserted in 1715.",
  "unknown": "The riverbank and local land relations are unclear. The account does not show that all arrivals were captives. Later copies of maps do not prove continued residence.",
  "next_step": "Keep this place of arrival separate from the attacks in Florida. Check the local land relations.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archaeology.uga.edu/sites/default/files/2025-03/uga_lab_series_30.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Smith (1992), Historic Period Indian Archaeology of Northern Georgia, pp. 34, 35, 36."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-a6793ca2faa86d7dfe17",
  "name": "Birbhum under Mughal rule",
  "place_and_era": "Birbhum, in the early Mughal period described by Eaton.",
  "attested": "Eaton reports that Birbhum submitted to Mughal rule without resistance. He places this in a western region where much local administration continued.",
  "unknown": "The account does not establish eviction of the people who lived there. Continued local rule does not mean there was no change in power.",
  "next_step": "Assess the change in rule and keep local continuity visible. Do not require expulsion for a land-control question.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn07.67"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993 archive context), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 7, section s1.7.5, notes 67."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-0bc0c47cc7187b3e10c4",
  "name": "Blue Mesa: death and a burned house",
  "place_and_era": "Blue Mesa, Colorado, site 5LP379, in the early Pueblo I regional study. The event date is unresolved.",
  "attested": "Potter reports an interpretation of a woman’s death as violence followed by destruction of the house.",
  "unknown": "He also allows burial followed by ritual burning. The source does not settle which process occurred.",
  "next_step": "Read Fritz and Honeycutt’s report to check the remains, fire and residential context.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archaeologycolorado.org/sites/default/files/Potter%2C%20James%20M.%20%282010%29%20The%20Community.%20In%20Animas-La%20Plata%20Project.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "James M. Potter, The Community, Animas–La Plata Project, Volume XVI: Final Synthetic Report, chapter 13 (2010), pp. 253, 255."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-ea6e820e9a2150eee828",
  "name": "Bodo Canyon: a house fire",
  "place_and_era": "Bodo Canyon, Colorado, site 5LP481, in the early Pueblo I regional study. The event date is unresolved.",
  "attested": "Potter reports two people interpreted as trapped when a pit house burned.",
  "unknown": "The cause of the fire is unclear. Accidental fire remains possible; deliberate removal is not established.",
  "next_step": "Read Fuller’s report to check the fire context and the end of residential use.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archaeologycolorado.org/sites/default/files/Potter%2C%20James%20M.%20%282010%29%20The%20Community.%20In%20Animas-La%20Plata%20Project.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "James M. Potter, The Community, Animas–La Plata Project, Volume XVI: Final Synthetic Report, chapter 13 (2010), pp. 253, 256."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-29cb4a9764ab4650b61b",
  "name": "Burned homes and departure at Orendorf",
  "place_and_era": "Central Illinois River Valley. Wilson places the final village fire around 1250. This is an estimate.",
  "attested": "Wilson says fire destroyed the final village. People left in haste and left valuable goods in their homes. He says warfare was the most likely cause.",
  "unknown": "The attackers, exact year and places where survivors went are unknown. The account does not prove that a man found in a burned house died in that fire. Regional grave counts do not give a death count for this event.",
  "next_step": "Assess this village destruction and departure under the atlas rules. Keep the likely cause and estimated date clear.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.wilson.anth.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.anth.d7_wilson/files/sitefiles/publications/Wilson%202015.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Greg D. Wilson, Incinerated Villages in the North (2015), printed pp. 102, 103. Original author-hosted chapter; full eight-page text layer and selected published images read. Underlying excavation reports not independently read."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-66150f8f560a62d45d67",
  "name": "Burned homes at Buckeye Bend",
  "place_and_era": "Central Illinois River Valley. Wilson places this village in his account of village fires in the late 1200s. No exact year is set.",
  "attested": "Wilson names Buckeye Bend as a village with burned rows of homes around a plaza. His account treats warfare as the most likely cause of the village fires.",
  "unknown": "The cause is likely, not certain. The account gives less detail on departure here than at Orendorf. The attackers, deaths and places where residents went are unknown. We do not copy details from Orendorf.",
  "next_step": "Assess the probable wartime destruction of these homes. Keep any departure and its date separate from what the evidence shows.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.wilson.anth.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.anth.d7_wilson/files/sitefiles/publications/Wilson%202015.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Greg D. Wilson, Incinerated Villages in the North (2015), printed pp. 103. Original author-hosted chapter; full eight-page text layer and selected published images read. Underlying excavation reports not independently read."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-a6a0c3623be66a84eb55",
  "name": "Burned homes at Star Bridges",
  "place_and_era": "Central Illinois River Valley. Wilson places this village in his account of village fires in the late 1200s. No exact year is set.",
  "attested": "Wilson names Star Bridges as a village with burned rows of homes around a plaza. His account treats warfare as the most likely cause of the village fires.",
  "unknown": "The cause is likely, not certain. The account gives less detail on departure here than at Orendorf. The attackers, deaths and places where residents went are unknown. We do not copy details from Orendorf.",
  "next_step": "Assess the probable wartime destruction of these homes. Keep any departure and its date separate from what the evidence shows.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.wilson.anth.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.anth.d7_wilson/files/sitefiles/publications/Wilson%202015.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Greg D. Wilson, Incinerated Villages in the North (2015), printed pp. 102, 103. Original author-hosted chapter; full eight-page text layer and selected published images read. Underlying excavation reports not independently read."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-cef2ea033b131b6740d5",
  "name": "Captives settled as farmers in Arakan",
  "place_and_era": "Arakan; dates unresolved",
  "attested": "Eaton reports that captives taken by the Arakanese were settled on land as farmers.",
  "unknown": "The particular raids, places where captives settled and overlap with other capture accounts remain unclear.",
  "next_step": "Trace the places where captives settled and their links to the reported raids.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 9, notes 19."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-58cb331a4c8e9242216a",
  "name": "Capture raids in Lower Bengal",
  "place_and_era": "Lower Bengal waterways and islands; Bernier was there in 1665, but raid dates are unclear.",
  "attested": "Eaton quotes Bernier on Portuguese raiders under Arakanese protection. The account reports capture, slavery, burning and deserted islands.",
  "unknown": "The passage does not identify each raid, island or number of people. It does not show that Arakanese forces joined the raids.",
  "next_step": "Assess the reported removal practice without merging it with other attacks or tax seizures.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn08.83"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 8, note 83."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-2cd06b9bf2d6eeb86080",
  "name": "Chickasaw settlement and river crossing",
  "place_and_era": "Near Fort Moore, around 1722–1723, with a move across the river in 1737.",
  "attested": "Smith reports a Chickasaw settlement and a later move across the river.",
  "unknown": "The account does not establish force or a taking of land. Residence until the Revolution is only a possibility.",
  "next_step": "Trace the reasons for the moves and the land relations at each place.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archaeology.uga.edu/sites/default/files/2025-03/uga_lab_series_30.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Smith (1992), Historic Period Indian Archaeology of Northern Georgia, p. 36."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-c4de7184be8598d18889",
  "name": "Coastal guards bar entry under Sena II",
  "place_and_era": "The coast of Sri Lanka during Sena II's ninth-century reign. Sites and exact dates are unknown.",
  "attested": "Codrington reports guards placed on the coast to bar entry by members of suppressed religious groups.",
  "unknown": "The account does not identify prior residents among those barred. Expulsion and blocked return are not established.",
  "next_step": "Identify the groups and whether the restriction prevented entry, return, or both.",
  "sources": [
    "https://books.lakdiva.org.lk/codrington/chap03.html"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "H. W. Codrington, A Short History of Ceylon, chapter III, Sena II: coastal guards (web transcription)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-37a50762e6ab0d46206d",
  "name": "Conquest of Bhallua",
  "place_and_era": "Bhallua in eastern Bengal, around 1611.",
  "attested": "Eaton reports that Mughal forces took a fort and raided the countryside. They killed or imprisoned peasants who refused to submit. Ananta Manik left his lands, which the Mughals took over. His minister accepted Mughal rank.",
  "unknown": "The account does not show that all peasants fled. It does not give their destinations or the share killed or held captive.",
  "next_step": "Keep the peasants, the ruler who left and the minister distinct. Assess the land takeover without a claim that later religious change had one cause.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn07.93"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993 archive context), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 7, section s1.7.7, notes 93, 94, 95."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-69aadc68a50c54acda80",
  "name": "Coosa and nearby chiefdoms",
  "place_and_era": "Southeastern North America, in accounts from 1540 and 1560.",
  "attested": "Hally reports that up to six chiefdoms acknowledged Coosa rule. He cites Spanish accounts from 1540 and 1560.",
  "unknown": "The chapter does not show how this rule began or establish a change in local land use. The two dates do not prove continuous rule.",
  "next_step": "Check the cited accounts for how control changed and what it meant for the land.",
  "sources": [
    "https://mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2020-04/AR-25.pdf#page=176"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Hally (1993), The Territorial Size of Mississippian Chiefdoms, pp. 163–164."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-72255f6d28058421d27a",
  "name": "Deaths of family members near Dhaka",
  "place_and_era": "Near Dhaka, in 1617.",
  "attested": "Eaton reports that Qasim Khan killed his chief wives when he faced defeat. Some comrades also killed members of their families.",
  "unknown": "The account does not establish a change in land or residence from these deaths. It does not give a share of all families harmed.",
  "next_step": "Trace the relation of the event to land or residence. Keep the reported deaths visible. Do not invent a removal.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn07.20"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993 archive context), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 7, section s1.7.1, notes 20."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-adf3c71f59882423c694",
  "name": "Defeat and service at Shahzadpur",
  "place_and_era": "Shahzadpur, in 1609.",
  "attested": "Eaton reports that Tuqmaq Khan defeated the local ruler. He then employed and converted the son of the ruler. The governor disapproved and moved Tuqmaq Khan from his assigned estate.",
  "unknown": "The account does not show that the son was forced to migrate or was enslaved. It does not define the land outcome of the defeat.",
  "next_step": "Trace what changed at the defeated estate. Keep service, conversion and movement distinct.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn07.60"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993 archive context), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 7, section s1.7.3, notes 60."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-0aaea1e4a8f0e0d2754b",
  "name": "Disputed rent at Panam Dulalpur",
  "place_and_era": "Panam Dulalpur in Bengal; an account set in the early eighteenth century.",
  "attested": "Eaton describes gifts to a holy man that became compulsory rent. Some villagers appealed and lost. Officials then recognized him as the landholder.",
  "unknown": "The exact date and the former land rights are unclear. The account does not establish that villagers left.",
  "next_step": "Define the change in land rights and the people it affected.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn08.95"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993 archive context), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 8, notes 95."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-2bbc5479f6f33cd49d12",
  "name": "Enslaved artisans in Pepiliyana grants",
  "place_and_era": "Pepiliyana Vihara, Sri Lanka, in the fifteenth century. Specific grant dates remain unchecked.",
  "attested": "Codrington describes documents that grant enslaved people with land. Many were artisans.",
  "unknown": "The cited documents were unpublished in his account. A change of ownership does not establish that people moved.",
  "next_step": "Read the grant terms and distinguish control of people from forced movement and changes in residence.",
  "sources": [
    "https://books.lakdiva.org.lk/codrington/chap03.html"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "H. W. Codrington, A Short History of Ceylon, chapter III, Pepiliyana grants (web transcription)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-4130478b1456a0f04815",
  "name": "Families forced from homes near Jhalakati",
  "place_and_era": "Jhalakati in Bengal; departure before a survey in 1906.",
  "attested": "Eaton quotes a survey that reports pressure forced several Namasudra families to leave. Other villagers then held their land and homes.",
  "unknown": "The departure date and village name are unclear. The survey date does not date the departure.",
  "next_step": "Resolve the date range and village location. These gaps do not disprove the reported loss.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn08.99"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993 archive context), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 8, notes 99."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-1ca419e0e7239559a7bc",
  "name": "Farming leases at Swarupkati",
  "place_and_era": "Bakarganj; a 1906 survey recalls leases from about 220 years earlier, around 1686.",
  "attested": "The account says the Pals, Dasses and Chandras settled under farming leases from Nayerkaleri landlords.",
  "unknown": "Earlier occupants and any pressure remain unclear. This is separate from the thirteenth-century refuge story.",
  "next_step": "Trace the lease terms and earlier rights, linked to the broader Bakarganj question.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn08.82"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 8, note 82."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-2100e5ac04afd29d169c",
  "name": "Flight and killing at Cakradhara",
  "place_and_era": "Kashmir. The account follows a royal return dated to 1121. The date of the fire is not yet settled.",
  "attested": "Kalhana's account says families from Vijayuksetra and nearby towns and villages fled to a shrine. Royal soldiers also went there. Bhiksu's forces besieged the refuge. A man set fire to it to kill an enemy inside. The text describes deaths within and the killing of people who escaped. It then says homes stood empty because householders and their families died.",
  "unknown": "Errors remain possible in the online text. We did not check the printed pages or the Sanskrit. The account gives no reliable count of deaths or lost homes. It does not establish a single ethnic group or an order to start the fire. Later control of the empty homes is unknown.",
  "next_step": "Assess this bounded case under the atlas rules. Keep the date, numbers and later ownership unknown where the evidence does not resolve them.",
  "sources": [
    "https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Index:Kalhana%27s_Rajatarangini_Vol_2.djvu"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Kalhana, Kalhana’s Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kasmir, translated by M. A. Stein, volume II (1900), Book VIII 971–995, printed pp. 76–78; context VIII 947–1008, printed pp. 75–79. Unproofread online translation OCR; page images and Sanskrit not verified."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-907a5c08af35bba0016d",
  "name": "Four Chattahoochee towns burned",
  "place_and_era": "Coweta, Kasihta, Tuskegee and Kolimi on the Chattahoochee, December 1685.",
  "attested": "Smith reports that Matheos burned the four towns after failing to capture English traders.",
  "unknown": "The burning does not show that all residents left for good. This Tuskegee is not the Overhill Cherokee town of the same name.",
  "next_step": "Trace what the burning did to residence in each town. Keep the later 1690 move separate.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archaeology.uga.edu/sites/default/files/2025-03/uga_lab_series_30.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Smith (1992), Historic Period Indian Archaeology of Northern Georgia, p. 29."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-eeb63e4e6ba34be5dcdc",
  "name": "Gilimale changes from dedicated land to a royal village",
  "place_and_era": "Gilimale, Sri Lanka. The earlier dedication is linked to Vijaya Bahu I; the later change is not dated.",
  "attested": "Codrington lists Gilimale as land once dedicated to feed pilgrims and later held as a royal village.",
  "unknown": "The account does not date the resumption or explain its effect on cultivators and former beneficiaries.",
  "next_step": "Locate the act of resumption and establish whose rights changed. Do not infer eviction from the title change.",
  "sources": [
    "https://books.lakdiva.org.lk/codrington/chap03.html"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "H. W. Codrington, A Short History of Ceylon, chapter III, Authorities: Gilimale (web transcription)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-374a0c8dde9b58f7e64c",
  "name": "Guale missions destroyed",
  "place_and_era": "Guale coastal missions, late 1680s.",
  "attested": "Smith links the destruction of coastal missions to conflict between English and Spanish powers.",
  "unknown": "The passage does not tie all regional captives or moves to this episode. Links to the people and settlements attacked in 1702–1706 remain unclear.",
  "next_step": "Keep this earlier episode distinct from the later Florida attacks. Trace the loss of the mission settlements.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archaeology.uga.edu/sites/default/files/2025-03/uga_lab_series_30.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Smith (1992), Historic Period Indian Archaeology of Northern Georgia, p. 34."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-b4b64c05e9d9c0585b99",
  "name": "Hidden Valley: burned houses",
  "place_and_era": "Hidden Valley near Durango, Colorado. House construction dates cluster in 760–761 CE; the departure date is not established.",
  "attested": "Potter reports that the excavated houses burned at abandonment and had not been salvaged.",
  "unknown": "The account does not establish an attack, a single fire across the settlement, or a forced departure.",
  "next_step": "Read Carlson’s excavation report to trace how and when use of the houses ended.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archaeologycolorado.org/sites/default/files/Potter%2C%20James%20M.%20%282010%29%20The%20Community.%20In%20Animas-La%20Plata%20Project.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "James M. Potter, The Community, Animas–La Plata Project, Volume XVI: Final Synthetic Report, chapter 13 (2010), pp. 237."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-8437203b4c0f9ab47cd4",
  "name": "Hijli under Mughal rule",
  "place_and_era": "Hijli, in the early Mughal period described by Eaton.",
  "attested": "Eaton reports that Hijli submitted to Mughal rule without resistance. Its ruler paid tribute and kept control of local administration.",
  "unknown": "The account does not establish eviction of the people who lived there. Continued local rule does not mean there was no change in power.",
  "next_step": "Assess the change in rule and keep local continuity visible. Do not require expulsion for a land-control question.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn07.67"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993 archive context), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 7, section s1.7.5, notes 67."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-f6066607c17a64282d57",
  "name": "Kazi families in Gaurnadi: record 717",
  "place_and_era": "Gaurnadi, Bakarganj; recorded in surveys from 1902–1913. The settlement date is unknown.",
  "attested": "A survey describes kazi families as the original settlers of this village.",
  "unknown": "Earlier land rights remain unclear. The later population count does not count people harmed or first settlers.",
  "next_step": "Check this village and its earlier land use as a separate question.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn08.92"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 8, note 92."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-1616b320a2e0e676faa2",
  "name": "Kendangamuwa becomes a royal village",
  "place_and_era": "Kendangamuwa, Sri Lanka. An earlier grant is linked to Parakrama Bahu VI; the later change is not dated.",
  "attested": "Codrington lists land given to Aramanapola Vihara that later appeared as a royal village.",
  "unknown": "The date, act and effect on residents remain unclear. Royal control does not by itself prove their removal.",
  "next_step": "Locate the resumption and distinguish changes in revenue rights from loss of residence or use.",
  "sources": [
    "https://books.lakdiva.org.lk/codrington/chap03.html"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "H. W. Codrington, A Short History of Ceylon, chapter III, Authorities: Kendangamuwa (web transcription)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-f694e8ff9fa97330e2ad",
  "name": "Khan Jahan at Bagerhat",
  "place_and_era": "Bagerhat; Khan Jahan died in 1459, and traditions were collected in 1870.",
  "attested": "Eaton describes a tomb title and public works, alongside a later account of a revenue grant and cultivation.",
  "unknown": "These sources support different claims. They do not establish forced labor or empty land.",
  "next_step": "Keep the claims separate and trace the grant and earlier land use.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn08.50"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 8, notes 50–56."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-c62d13cdee063d515f7f",
  "name": "Land assigned to the Chittagong garrison",
  "place_and_era": "Chittagong; from 1666, later change undated",
  "attested": "Troops received rent-free plots. Eaton reports that the government later took the lands back. The troops or their descendants became landlords who collected revenue.",
  "unknown": "The later date and the rights lost or retained are unclear. The account does not say the troops left.",
  "next_step": "Identify what rights changed in the later repossession.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 9, notes 29."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-c12526daa9bb56b7c379",
  "name": "Land grant to Firuzpuri near Malda",
  "place_and_era": "Near Malda, in the Mughal period described by Eaton.",
  "attested": "Eaton reports that Shah Nimat Allah Firuzpuri received a grant of land from the governor. His servants and descendants later gained wealth from it.",
  "unknown": "The account does not identify prior holders or changes in their access to the land. The exact tract of the grant is not given.",
  "next_step": "Trace what the grant changed for people on the land. Do not count the size of the grant as a number of displaced people.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn07.30"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993 archive context), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 7, section s1.7.2, notes 30, 31."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-8a63b2a7914122df958b",
  "name": "Land grants for Muhammad Rabi",
  "place_and_era": "Sylhet; grants in 1753 and 1756",
  "attested": "Grants supported Muhammad Rabi, his workers, family and religious institutions. The later grant set terms for cultivation and use of the harvest.",
  "unknown": "The passage does not establish all prior land uses, actual clearance or the workers' conditions.",
  "next_step": "Trace earlier use and what changed when the grants took effect.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 9, notes 95, 96."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-f58b103316221845e8a5",
  "name": "Land grants to Ikundā",
  "place_and_era": "The frontier between Nepal and Sikkim. The commentary describes events in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The grant dates remain unknown.",
  "attested": "The commentary on the letter cites grants to Ikundā of land and rights to rule or collect revenue. It also cites land for resettlement.",
  "unknown": "The grant texts remain unread in this review. A grant does not prove that settlement occurred or that prior residents lost land.",
  "next_step": "Read the cited grants. Distinguish the rights they granted from actions on the ground and effects on prior residents.",
  "sources": [
    "https://nepalica.hadw-bw.de/nepal/index.php/editions/show/1686",
    "https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30364/30364-h/30364-h.htm"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Julia Shrestha with Martin Gaenszle (editors and translators), A letter from Subba Jayanta Khatri reporting on the killing of Limbus and Lepchas at the Nepal-Sikkim frontier (DNA_0001_0109; VS1883) (2023). DNA_0001_0109 commentary paragraphs on Ikundā; cited RRC_0040_0442 and RRC_0006_0858/RRC_0036_0251/RRC_0036_0252; Hamilton1819 printed123,126. Edition translation and commentary in accepted review. No facsimile or independent translation verification. Commentary is not a separate witness to the letter. English edition/translation/commentary CC BY-SA4.0. Document date1827 is distinct from edition metadata; no facsimile reproduced and no DOI verified.",
    "Francis Buchanan Hamilton, An Account of the Kingdom of Nepal (1819). Hamilton1819 printed123,126: reported civil administration/revenue context; does not establish execution of the cited grants. HTML transcription with print anchors. Earlier administration account is not proof of grant execution or the1827violence."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-fda03d1d3dfe2d4296ca",
  "name": "Limbu and Lepcha families in forest refuge",
  "place_and_era": "The frontier between Nepal and Sikkim. A letter reports this flight in 1827. The exact flight dates are unknown.",
  "attested": "Khatri relays a plea from five messengers. They report that descendants and nephews of Ikundā captured and killed Limbu and Lepcha residents. Some families fled to forest camps. Other families planned to leave.",
  "unknown": "Five is the number of messengers, not the total who fled or died. The homes, camp sites and later fate of the families remain unclear.",
  "next_step": "Trace the flight that already occurred. Keep plans for later moves separate. Examine whether officials granted the request for protection.",
  "sources": [
    "https://nepalica.hadw-bw.de/nepal/index.php/editions/show/1686"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Julia Shrestha with Martin Gaenszle (editors and translators), A letter from Subba Jayanta Khatri reporting on the killing of Limbus and Lepchas at the Nepal-Sikkim frontier (DNA_0001_0109; VS1883) (2023). DNA_0001_0109, translation [1r], paragraphs beginning Uprānta and Some family groups; diplomatic line references 6–10,16–23,34–35 supplied by edition; commentary and notes3–9,12–16. Edition translation and commentary in accepted review. No facsimile or independent translation verification. Commentary is not a separate witness to the letter. English edition/translation/commentary CC BY-SA4.0. Document date1827 is distinct from edition metadata; no facsimile reproduced and no DOI verified."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-781f0af3d12224b8e956",
  "name": "Loss and retention of land in Bakla",
  "place_and_era": "Bakla in eastern Bengal, about the time of the Bhallua campaign around 1611.",
  "attested": "Eaton reports that Ram Chandra was defeated and detained in Dhaka. He kept enough land to support a naval fleet. Mughal tax collectors and other holders received the rest of his lands.",
  "unknown": "This was not the loss of all his land. The account does not show that the peasants were expelled. The date is given by its link to the nearby campaign.",
  "next_step": "Keep both the lost and retained lands visible. Do not turn the detention of the ruler into a mass removal.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn07.96"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993 archive context), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 7, section s1.7.7, notes 96."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-2e53afb0e22d454aa3a8",
  "name": "Lower Cherokee burnings and westward refuge",
  "place_and_era": "Northeastern Georgia and the Coosa valley, from 1776 through the end of the Revolution.",
  "attested": "Smith reports town burnings in 1776 and later movement west. He describes Willstown as a settlement of refugees from the Savannah area.",
  "unknown": "Not all departures occurred in 1776. The account does not establish that arrivals displaced earlier Coosa residents.",
  "next_step": "Trace the moves and receiving settlements. Keep the 1760 burnings and later nineteenth-century removal separate.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archaeology.uga.edu/sites/default/files/2025-03/uga_lab_series_30.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Smith (1992), Historic Period Indian Archaeology of Northern Georgia, pp. 37, 38."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-25a2132ff7dd5eada99d",
  "name": "Lower Cherokee towns burned in 1760",
  "place_and_era": "Lower Cherokee towns in northeastern Georgia and northwestern South Carolina, 1760.",
  "attested": "Smith reports that Montgomery’s forces burned the towns. Towns remained in the region afterward.",
  "unknown": "The burning does not establish a permanent departure in 1760.",
  "next_step": "Trace the loss of homes even where people stayed or rebuilt. Keep this episode separate from the 1776 burnings.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archaeology.uga.edu/sites/default/files/2025-03/uga_lab_series_30.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Smith (1992), Historic Period Indian Archaeology of Northern Georgia, p. 37."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-d38aa3af1d202a598f89",
  "name": "Lower Creek movement east",
  "place_and_era": "Chattahoochee towns and the Ocmulgee and Towaliga valleys, 1690.",
  "attested": "Smith reports that many towns moved east after continued conflict with Spain. They moved toward English allies. Some towns stayed.",
  "unknown": "Some town names in the account are only suggestions. The account does not establish that arrivals took land from earlier residents.",
  "next_step": "Keep each town’s move and the places of arrival distinct. Separate this move from the 1685 burnings and later return.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archaeology.uga.edu/sites/default/files/2025-03/uga_lab_series_30.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Smith (1992), Historic Period Indian Archaeology of Northern Georgia, pp. 29, 33."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-afd1a5ead6467c4f6b04",
  "name": "Lower Creek return after the Yamassee War",
  "place_and_era": "Oconee, Ocmulgee and Chattahoochee valleys, after the 1715 war.",
  "attested": "Smith reports that many groups returned to the Chattahoochee. Earlier Oconee and Ocmulgee sites were left. Lower Cherokee Tugalo was an exception to the wider Savannah valley abandonment pattern.",
  "unknown": "The cause of each move and the exact returning groups remain unclear. Copied maps do not prove continued occupation.",
  "next_step": "Trace the groups and causes of return. Do not infer forced removal from the order of events alone.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archaeology.uga.edu/sites/default/files/2025-03/uga_lab_series_30.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Smith (1992), Historic Period Indian Archaeology of Northern Georgia, pp. 35, 36, 39."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-b6d16a92779458f4dbc3",
  "name": "Madura is taken and a ruler installed",
  "place_and_era": "Madura in southern India, during Sena II's reign in the ninth century. The exact year is uncertain.",
  "attested": "Codrington reports that Sena's general took and sacked Madura, then placed another ruler on its throne.",
  "unknown": "The account does not establish civilian expulsion. A Pandyan accession date does not securely date this intervention.",
  "next_step": "Assess the reported capture and change of rule. Keep the fate of residents open.",
  "sources": [
    "https://books.lakdiva.org.lk/codrington/chap03.html"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "H. W. Codrington, A Short History of Ceylon, chapter III, Sena II: Madura (web transcription)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-0652077a6ea2048c97ea",
  "name": "Mehr Ali at Mehrpur",
  "place_and_era": "Jessore; an early Mughal tradition recorded in 1982.",
  "attested": "Eaton reports a tradition that Mehr Ali arrived and helped local people grow rice.",
  "unknown": "The account does not establish earlier land rights, a taking or a forced move.",
  "next_step": "Trace the settlement and earlier land use in this area.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn08.42"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 8, note 42."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-89b28c9203d65ceed193",
  "name": "Migrants in Mughal Bengal",
  "place_and_era": "Bengal, in the Mughal period described by Eaton.",
  "attested": "Eaton describes soldiers, merchants, clerks and artisans who moved into Bengal from North India. These arrivals formed part of the imperial social order.",
  "unknown": "This regional account does not identify one land takeover by all the migrants. Claimed ancestry does not establish a route or a forced move.",
  "next_step": "Trace distinct communities and their links to land. Do not treat religion or elite insults as proof that people were displaced.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn07.24"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993 archive context), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 7, section s1.7.2, notes 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-659c4d6acb1d79adf2c6",
  "name": "Mughal annexation of Sylhet",
  "place_and_era": "Sylhet; reported in 1612",
  "attested": "Eaton reports that the Mughals annexed Sylhet in 1612.",
  "unknown": "The passage does not describe effects on residents or private land rights. It does not say that the earlier refugees were expelled.",
  "next_step": "Trace the change in rule and its local effects.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 9, Religious Gentry of Sylhet opening narrative."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-76cdd7b7341be0ecebbf",
  "name": "Mughal conquest of Kuch Bihar and Kamrup",
  "place_and_era": "Kuch Bihar and Kamrup, in 1613.",
  "attested": "Eaton reports that Mughal forces took forts and drove the ruler into Kamrup. He later submitted and was sent to Dhaka. The Mughals took control of both regions and imposed a new land tax system.",
  "unknown": "The account does not show that all farmers left. It does not give a full area of land lost or a permanent end date.",
  "next_step": "Keep the moves of the ruler distinct from the changes imposed on farmers. Compare this conquest with the later revolts.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn07.82"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993 archive context), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 7, section s1.7.6, notes 82, 83, 84, 85, 86."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-16fc2f1c5ddd4a6a55ba",
  "name": "Nasir al-Din at Murarbond",
  "place_and_era": "Sylhet; a Mughal-period tradition recorded in 1982.",
  "attested": "The account says Nasir al-Din arrived and taught local people to grow rice.",
  "unknown": "These changes do not by themselves show that land was taken.",
  "next_step": "Check how land use and control changed at Murarbond.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn08.43"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 8, note 43."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-891d626be30a967a54cf",
  "name": "New revenue collectors at Ambarabad",
  "place_and_era": "Ambarabad in Bengal; a revenue district formed in 1734.",
  "attested": "Eaton reports that small landholders said they requested revenue collectors. He argues that pressure from Mughal power better explains their agreement.",
  "unknown": "The landholders described a request. Eaton instead infers pressure. The earlier land rights and any eviction remain unclear.",
  "next_step": "Compare the reported request with the evidence for pressure and changes in land rights.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn08.57"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993 archive context), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 8, notes 57, 58."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-7218b70d8cb1d77d3de5",
  "name": "Oconee River village burned",
  "place_and_era": "An Oconee River village, 1767.",
  "attested": "Smith reports that an occupied village was burned.",
  "unknown": "Its exact identity is unclear. A town shown on a 1774 map may be the same place, but that link is uncertain.",
  "next_step": "Trace the destruction and possible later residence. A village name or casualty count is not needed to examine the loss.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archaeology.uga.edu/sites/default/files/2025-03/uga_lab_series_30.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Smith (1992), Historic Period Indian Archaeology of Northern Georgia, p. 37."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-bd122b5144716537ccba",
  "name": "Okfuskenena burned and Creek towns left",
  "place_and_era": "Middle Chattahoochee and the modern West Point Lake area toward Alabama, 1793.",
  "attested": "Smith reports that Georgians attacked and burned Okfuskenena. He links the attack to Creek towns in the area moving to Alabama.",
  "unknown": "The number of towns attacked is uncertain. The broad destination does not establish an exact route or receiving site.",
  "next_step": "Trace the attack and departures using the boundaries of the time. Georgia then ended farther east, at the Oconee.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archaeology.uga.edu/sites/default/files/2025-03/uga_lab_series_30.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Smith (1992), Historic Period Indian Archaeology of Northern Georgia, pp. 38, 39."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-a5de0af0fa62fa1c4720",
  "name": "Overhill departures and loss of land",
  "place_and_era": "The lower Little Tennessee valley, in the Revolutionary and Federal periods. The account includes the treaties of 1798 and 1819.",
  "attested": "Davis says settler pressure forced Cherokee families south. Many moved to the Hiwassee valley and beyond. He says the treaties transferred land to the United States and opened it to settlers. Some families stayed or moved nearby. The 1819 treaty allowed some to stay on reserved land.",
  "unknown": "The account does not link each move to one treaty or each treaty to one riverbank. The 31 people or family heads who received reserved land lived in a wider area. They are not a count of all who lost homes.",
  "next_step": "Keep the two land transfers distinct. Check how these earlier moves relate to the wider removal case. Keep the families who stayed visible.",
  "sources": [
    "https://trace.tennessee.edu/bitstreams/97536e93-b6ee-44d0-a79f-9055dac4725f/download"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Davis (1986), Stability and Change in Aboriginal Settlement within the Lower Little Tennessee River Valley, printed pp. 419, 420, 427, 428, 429."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-5279b376ade809dcb40f",
  "name": "Overhill towns as places of refuge",
  "place_and_era": "Tomotley, Tuskegee and Mialoquo in the lower Little Tennessee valley. Eighteenth century.",
  "attested": "Davis says these towns probably grew as places of refuge. People came from Lower, Middle and possibly Valley Towns. He also reports that later refugees joined the towns. They came from other Cherokee and southeastern groups.",
  "unknown": "The cause and date of each move remain unclear. The account does not show that these arrivals took land from people who lived there.",
  "next_step": "Trace why people left and what happened to land at each end. Refuge alone does not show that the new arrivals took land.",
  "sources": [
    "https://trace.tennessee.edu/bitstreams/97536e93-b6ee-44d0-a79f-9055dac4725f/download"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Davis (1986), Stability and Change in Aboriginal Settlement within the Lower Little Tennessee River Valley, printed pp. 424, 425, 428."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-cba74eb4aa456400f1db",
  "name": "Pachet under Mughal rule",
  "place_and_era": "Pachet, in the early Mughal period described by Eaton.",
  "attested": "Eaton reports that Pachet submitted to Mughal rule without resistance. He places this in a western region where much local administration continued.",
  "unknown": "The account does not establish eviction of the people who lived there. Continued local rule does not mean there was no change in power.",
  "next_step": "Assess the change in rule and keep local continuity visible. Do not require expulsion for a land-control question.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn07.67"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993 archive context), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 7, section s1.7.5, notes 67."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-bf6140667ae63d767b9e",
  "name": "Pir Qutb at Kutubpur",
  "place_and_era": "Narayanganj, Dhaka; the settlement date is unknown.",
  "attested": "A survey links the village name to Pir Qutb and recalls no homesteads when he arrived.",
  "unknown": "No homesteads does not mean no earlier land use or rights.",
  "next_step": "Trace the settlement and earlier uses of the land.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn08.93"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 8, note 93."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-15908accf213e24674e6",
  "name": "Possible captivity at Crable",
  "place_and_era": "Central Illinois River Valley. Wilson places this account in the later Mississippian period. The burial has no exact date here.",
  "attested": "Wilson reports a young woman buried in an abandoned storage pit at Crable. He infers low status from how her body was treated. He offers captivity as a possible explanation.",
  "unknown": "Captivity is not established. Her prior home, origin and any forced move are unknown. The burial does not by itself show forced work or loss of her former home.",
  "next_step": "Check what the burial evidence can establish about captivity and residence. Keep a possible captive identity separate from a proven forced move.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.wilson.anth.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.anth.d7_wilson/files/sitefiles/publications/Wilson%202015.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Greg D. Wilson, Incinerated Villages in the North (2015), printed pp. 104. Original author-hosted chapter; full eight-page text layer and selected published images read. Underlying excavation reports not independently read."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-a73a5ca13cdc7095f58f",
  "name": "Possible Coosa movement downstream",
  "place_and_era": "Ridge and Valley area and the later Weiss Reservoir area; after the mid-sixteenth-century Spanish expeditions.",
  "attested": "Smith suggests that people left the Ridge and Valley area and moved downstream.",
  "unknown": "Gaps in known occupation do not by themselves prove a departure or forced move.",
  "next_step": "Check the proposed movement. Keep it separate from Coosa rule and the medieval Etowah site.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archaeology.uga.edu/sites/default/files/2025-03/uga_lab_series_30.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Smith (1992), Historic Period Indian Archaeology of Northern Georgia, p. 32."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-4942e5221c83b089729e",
  "name": "Possible new groups at Reckner",
  "place_and_era": "Reckner, in the Allegheny Mountains. The study places the village in the 1300s. It does not date the proposed arrivals.",
  "attested": "The authors interpret village growth as the possible addition of groups. One suggestion is that the groups asked to join. They state that the wall pattern does not reveal membership.",
  "unknown": "The source does not establish the groups' origins or moves. It does not establish force, exclusion or loss of former homes. These are not shown by the lack of a new wall.",
  "next_step": "Check the original site study and the proposed addition of groups. Trace prior residence if the evidence permits.",
  "sources": [
    "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276014"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "John P. Hart and Bernard K. Means, The Monongahela tradition in “real time”: Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates (2022), PLOS ONE 17(10): e0276014, DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0276014. Discussion, paragraph beginning A second example is the Reckner site; fourteenth-century context and paragraph discussion of group petitions/palisade visibility."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-c305064efe17232c7cb3",
  "name": "Possible new households at Peck No. 1",
  "place_and_era": "Peck No. 1, in the Allegheny Mountains. The study compares village date ranges that overlap around 1270 to 1310. It does not date the proposed arrivals.",
  "attested": "The authors interpret two village expansions as possible additions of small groups. One proposed explanation is that the groups were families or lineages. The proposed checks on new members and role of a leader rely on comparisons with other societies.",
  "unknown": "The source does not identify an origin village or prove a move. It does not show whether force caused anyone to leave a former home. A larger village plan is not a count of people.",
  "next_step": "Check the original site study. Test the proposed arrival of groups. Keep their origin and former home questions open.",
  "sources": [
    "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276014"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "John P. Hart and Bernard K. Means, The Monongahela tradition in “real time”: Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates (2022), PLOS ONE 17(10): e0276014, DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0276014. Discussion, paragraph beginning Peck1 represented growth by the addition; inference and ethnographic analogies attributed to Means/reference46."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-c4124257fbba3a2e8e95",
  "name": "Possible Oconee movement to coastal missions",
  "place_and_era": "Oconee valley and coastal missions; the proposed move has no fixed date.",
  "attested": "Smith suggests that people moved to coastal missions. He offers this as a possible cause of the valley’s population decline.",
  "unknown": "The passage does not establish that this move occurred or that people were forced to leave.",
  "next_step": "Check whether the move occurred and what happened to land in the valley.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archaeology.uga.edu/sites/default/files/2025-03/uga_lab_series_30.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Smith (1992), Historic Period Indian Archaeology of Northern Georgia, p. 28."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-658e748a36aa709529f9",
  "name": "Possible potter residence near the Wabash",
  "place_and_era": "Slack Farm and other sites near the Ohio and Wabash rivers. The study covers a broad period from about 1400 to 1700. The date of any household move is unknown.",
  "attested": "Pollack and Munson compare local pottery with vessels linked to Oneota traditions. They propose two explanations: traded vessels or resident potters. They suggest household moves, marriage or kinship as possible ways to support exchange.",
  "unknown": "The source does not establish that households moved. It does not show force or a loss of local homes. The political reasons for the exchange remain unknown.",
  "next_step": "Test trade and local production as explanations for the vessels. If evidence supports resident potters, trace how residence began and its effects on prior residents.",
  "sources": [
    "https://heritage.ky.gov/Documents/Current%20Archaeological%20Research%20in%20KY%20Vol%205.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "David Pollack and Cheryl Ann Munson, Caborn-Welborn Ceramics: Intersite Comparisons and Extraregional Interaction, Current Archaeological Research in Kentucky, Volume Five (1998), printed pp. 192–194; conditional exchange context p. 195."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-488769d16276ce21016f",
  "name": "Refuge and settlement in Bakarganj",
  "place_and_era": "Bakarganj in Bengal; early thirteenth-century refuge and later accounts of settlement.",
  "attested": "Eaton reports that Hindu chiefs fled to Bakarganj. He also describes local groups who caught fish and later became farmers.",
  "unknown": "The departure sites and changes in local land rights are unclear. Refuge alone does not prove that arrivals took land from others.",
  "next_step": "Keep flight, arrival and changes for local residents as separate questions.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn08.81"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993 archive context), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 8, notes 81, 82."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-4cf65549f18cff205cb7",
  "name": "Reported deaths at Saunaktuk",
  "place_and_era": "Saunaktuk in Arctic Canada. The article dates use of the site to about 1370. This does not date the attack.",
  "attested": "The authors report deliberate tool marks on human bones from a house site. They interpret the bones and a local attack account as evidence that attackers killed residents. The reported deaths meant loss of homes for those residents. The authors suggest that the residents were Inuit.",
  "unknown": "Some marks on the bones can reflect acts after death. They do not prove how each person died. The link between the bones and the account remains uncertain. The attack date, attackers and fate of other residents remain unknown.",
  "next_step": "Trace what happened to other residents and whether they left or returned.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.jstor.org/stable/40316364"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Jerry Melbye and Scott I. Fairgrieve, A Massacre and Possible Cannibalism in the Canadian Arctic: New Evidence from the Saunaktuk Site (NgTn-1) (1994), pp.57–77. Read scope: context p.58; returned methods and results text within pp.59–73, with gaps; discussion pp.73–75. Text extraction only. Page images, figures and original excavation and oral records remain unchecked."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-f9b7355a0b80dd3239d7",
  "name": "Reported displacement before Malwa occupation at Daimabad",
  "place_and_era": "Daimabad, Maharashtra, India. Sali places Malwa arrival around 1600 BCE. That is not a verified date for the claimed forced departure.",
  "attested": "Sali suggests that Malwa arrivals first shared the site with earlier residents, then forced them out. He bases this account on an overlap of remains.",
  "unknown": "The link between these remains and forced departure needs further study. The phase names do not by themselves identify separate peoples.",
  "next_step": "Check the overlap and the claim of shared residence. Look for evidence of how the earlier residents lost their homes.",
  "sources": [
    "https://asi.nic.in/admin/publications/ePublicationReportsDetails/download/49"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "S. A. Sali, Daimabad 1976–79, Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India 83 (1986), printed p. 28; structural limits pp. 92–93."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-42db6d226112a7382b66",
  "name": "Reported loss of homes at Daimabad",
  "place_and_era": "Daimabad, Maharashtra, India. The report places this change between the Savalda and Late Harappan phases. The date of the claimed departure is unresolved.",
  "attested": "Sali says Late Harappan arrivals forced out earlier residents and replaced their village. The report describes later deposits above the earlier settlement.",
  "unknown": "The evidence behind the forced departure needs further study. A change in pottery does not by itself show that another group took the site.",
  "next_step": "Check the layers, homes and dates behind the claim. Look for evidence of what happened to the earlier residents.",
  "sources": [
    "https://asi.nic.in/admin/publications/ePublicationReportsDetails/download/49"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "S. A. Sali, Daimabad 1976–79, Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India 83 (1986), printed pp. 23–25; structural limits pp. 88, 92–93."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-bed39dda5bb0aa6bccce",
  "name": "Reviews of rent-free land grants",
  "place_and_era": "Chittagong; hearings from 1819 to 1848",
  "attested": "Company officials reviewed land grants and sought to reclaim those they judged invalid. Eaton describes these hearings as the reason many grant records survived.",
  "unknown": "This passage does not identify which rejected holders lost rights or whether people had to leave.",
  "next_step": "Trace specific rejected grants and what happened to their holders.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 9, notes 32."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-97d3300bcb26229762d2",
  "name": "Revolt and reconquest in Kamrup",
  "place_and_era": "Rangamati and Gilah, in 1614.",
  "attested": "Eaton reports that rebels overpowered Rangamati and besieged Gilah. Mughal forces then recovered the sites. The revolt followed the new tax and service system.",
  "unknown": "The account does not show that all local people fled. This recovery does not prove permanent control of the region.",
  "next_step": "Keep this change of control distinct from the defeat of Sanatan in 1615.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn07.87"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993 archive context), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 7, section s1.7.6, notes 87, 88."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-72b488f4e2b49ce3f70a",
  "name": "Ridges Basin: a death in a burned house",
  "place_and_era": "Ridges Basin, Colorado, site 5LP237, in the early Pueblo I regional study. The event date is unresolved.",
  "attested": "Potter reports a possible killing and house burning associated with Burial 137.",
  "unknown": "Burial followed by ritual burning remains possible. A separate pit deposit is not established as part of the same event.",
  "next_step": "Read the site report to distinguish the deposits and establish what ended use of the house.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archaeologycolorado.org/sites/default/files/Potter%2C%20James%20M.%20%282010%29%20The%20Community.%20In%20Animas-La%20Plata%20Project.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "James M. Potter, The Community, Animas–La Plata Project, Volume XVI: Final Synthetic Report, chapter 13 (2010), pp. 255."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-f00a2aac1e586de3f8ec",
  "name": "Royal and military retreats in Sikkim",
  "place_and_era": "Sikkim and nearby areas. Hamilton describes events from 1788 to 1809. He casts doubt on some dates and claims.",
  "attested": "Hamilton describes retreats by rulers and troops, relief of a siege and a later royal return. He also reports changes in political control.",
  "unknown": "These moves do not by themselves prove that local families lost their homes. The account does not show one continuous flight by civilians.",
  "next_step": "Examine each retreat separately. Ask whether local families or the royal household lost their homes.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30364/30364-h/30364-h.htm"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Francis Buchanan Hamilton, An Account of the Kingdom of Nepal (1819). Hamilton1819 Country of Sikim printed120–124; settlement/geographic context118–119,124–128. HTML transcription with print anchors; no scanned-page verification. Informant account, not an eyewitness claim about flight."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-66d7e80d8223989f96c4",
  "name": "Rule in the Oconee valley",
  "place_and_era": "The Oconee River in Georgia, in the mid-sixteenth century.",
  "attested": "Hally cites Spanish accounts of chiefdoms on the Oconee River under one chief. He treats rule by a senior chief as probable.",
  "unknown": "The chapter does not show how this rule began or what changed for local land use. The extent of direct control remains unclear.",
  "next_step": "Check the cited accounts for how control changed and what it meant for the land.",
  "sources": [
    "https://mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2020-04/AR-25.pdf#page=176"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Hally (1993), The Territorial Size of Mississippian Chiefdoms, pp. 163–164."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-fa0fbf426a7e79c5fca1",
  "name": "Tax pressure and departure from Cossimbazar",
  "place_and_era": "Cossimbazar, in the context of the tax imposed in 1679 and its later enforcement in Bengal.",
  "attested": "A note by Eaton reports forced tax demands on Hindu silk workers. It says the disruption drove the \"little people\" of the city into the interior.",
  "unknown": "The people who left are not shown to be the same group as the silk workers. Early 1681 dates tax collection in Dhaka, not every departure from Cossimbazar. The number and routes are unknown.",
  "next_step": "Keep the two towns distinct. Retain the reported forced departure without an invented exact date or a new land claim at the destination.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn07.58"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993 archive context), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 7, section s1.7.3, notes 58."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-8e72c876f3129e38a922",
  "name": "The Bhanja rulers lose land and move to Ganjam",
  "place_and_era": "Upper Orissa and Ganjam, eastern India, probably in the late tenth century. The date is uncertain.",
  "attested": "Sircar reads the land grants as evidence that the Bhanja rulers lost territory and were driven to Ganjam.",
  "unknown": "The grants do not directly describe the move. Its date and full extent are unclear. The account does not show that other residents were expelled.",
  "next_step": "Check how the cited grants support the loss of territory and the move. Keep the rulers distinct from other residents.",
  "sources": [
    "https://aryanculture.org/records/2642"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Dines Chandra Sircar, The Bhañjas of Khiñjali-Maṇḍala, Indian Historical Quarterly 28(3) (1952), pp. 225–231; placing discussion pp. 225–229, especially 227."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-0e4fec941d78dfe2eee5",
  "name": "The capture of Chittagong",
  "place_and_era": "Chittagong; reported in 1666",
  "attested": "Eaton reports that Mughal forces took the citadel after a siege. They then made the city a district centre under Mughal rule.",
  "unknown": "The account does not establish whether residents were removed or which private land rights changed.",
  "next_step": "Trace the effects on residents and earlier landholders.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 9, notes 27, 28."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-cf0706b24c578b4a8080",
  "name": "The defeat of Sanatan and flight",
  "place_and_era": "Dhamdhama in Kamrup, in 1615.",
  "attested": "Eaton reports that Sanatan led armed resistance to Mughal rule. His demands included tax changes and the withdrawal of troops. Mughal forces destroyed the stockades and forced him to flee.",
  "unknown": "Eaton presents Sanatan as a probable paik leader. His flight does not show that all his supporters left. The account does not give their share of the local population.",
  "next_step": "Keep the forced flight and loss of the defended place visible. Do not infer a route for all the people who took part.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn07.87"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993 archive context), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 7, section s1.7.6, notes 87, 89, 90, 91."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-c238893df8268a794cd1",
  "name": "The rise of landlords at Fatulla",
  "place_and_era": "Dhaka; a 1912 survey recalls arrival in the reign of Jahangir.",
  "attested": "The account says descendants of Shah Fateh Allah became landlords and remained so into the twentieth century.",
  "unknown": "The source does not say when or how they gained control.",
  "next_step": "Trace the change in land rights and the people it affected.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn08.96"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 8, note 96."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-e60f27a5d9c0bdbeff3f",
  "name": "The sack of Anuradhapura under Sena I",
  "place_and_era": "Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, during Sena I's reign in the ninth century. Exact dates remain uncertain.",
  "attested": "Codrington reports a Pandyan attack and sack. He then records peace and the king's return.",
  "unknown": "The effects on other residents are unclear. The later move to Polonnaruwa is not shown to be forced. The author doubts the story of stolen relics.",
  "next_step": "Assess the attack and loss of control separately from the king's later change of residence.",
  "sources": [
    "https://books.lakdiva.org.lk/codrington/chap03.html"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "H. W. Codrington, A Short History of Ceylon, chapter III, Sena I (web transcription)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-d8511065d4248bb08500",
  "name": "The settlement tradition at Kazi Abad",
  "place_and_era": "Barahanuddin, Bakarganj; recorded in surveys from 1902–1913. The settlement date is unknown.",
  "attested": "A survey says the settlement took its name from a kazi who settled there first.",
  "unknown": "That claim does not show that earlier people had no use of, or rights to, the land.",
  "next_step": "Check the settlement history and earlier land rights.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn08.90"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 8, note 90."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-5567684f3b4d5e8f2ffd",
  "name": "The settlement tradition at Pail",
  "place_and_era": "Sylhet; an undated tradition recorded in 1982.",
  "attested": "A tradition recalls a teacher of rice farming and Islam. His sons later settled in Comilla and Sylhet and taught there too.",
  "unknown": "The account does not say the sons founded new settlements or forced anyone to move.",
  "next_step": "Trace earlier land use and the settlements named in the tradition.",
  "sources": [
    "https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/public/book/the-rise-of-islam-and-the-bengal-frontier-1204-1760.html#bn08.43"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Eaton (1993), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, chapter 8, note 43."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-c9c96361fd812740a3cf",
  "name": "The Upper Ohio dispersal question",
  "place_and_era": "Southwestern Pennsylvania and nearby areas. The question concerns villages often dated from about 1050 to 1635. That range does not date a move.",
  "attested": "Hart and Means call for tests of the view that local communities left by 1635. They say the date lacks independent support. They also call for tests of the proposed roles of Seneca attacks and drought.",
  "unknown": "It is not clear which communities left, when they left, or where they went. The source does not establish an attack, forced movement or the loss of homes. The shared archaeological label does not establish one people.",
  "next_step": "Read the earlier site and dispersal studies. Test each place and departure on its own. Keep drought, conflict and other causes open.",
  "sources": [
    "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276014"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "John P. Hart and Bernard K. Means, The Monongahela tradition in “real time”: Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates (2022), PLOS ONE 17(10): e0276014, DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0276014. Conclusions, paragraph beginning Contemporary practice calls for multiple radiocarbon measures; proposed1635 dispersal and causes expressly require testing."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-dc55b72138131b468b98",
  "name": "Ustanali and Etowah towns attacked in 1793",
  "place_and_era": "Ustanali and the historical town of Etowah, 1793.",
  "attested": "Smith reports that Sevier burned Ustanali and destroyed Etowah town. Ustanali was later rebuilt.",
  "unknown": "Etowah’s exact site is uncertain here. This is the historical town, not the medieval mound center. Permanent abandonment is not established.",
  "next_step": "Trace the loss of residence at both towns. Keep rebuilding and the separate 1782 attack visible.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archaeology.uga.edu/sites/default/files/2025-03/uga_lab_series_30.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Smith (1992), Historic Period Indian Archaeology of Northern Georgia, p. 38."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-0bce2b26e60583f5f740",
  "name": "Ustanali destroyed in 1782",
  "place_and_era": "Ustanali, 1782, with later residence.",
  "attested": "Smith reports the town’s destruction. Later residence and its role as a capital show that the account does not end with the attack.",
  "unknown": "Permanent exile is not established. The actor in the separate 1793 attack cannot be assigned to this event.",
  "next_step": "Keep this destruction distinct from the 1793 attack. Trace the loss in place and later residence.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archaeology.uga.edu/sites/default/files/2025-03/uga_lab_series_30.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Smith (1992), Historic Period Indian Archaeology of Northern Georgia, p. 38."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-665742dd23368be8d6e5",
  "name": "War pressure and defended villages in central Illinois",
  "place_and_era": "Central Illinois River Valley, in the early 1200s and after. A later study revises the earlier phase dates.",
  "attested": "Wilson links warfare to a shift from scattered homes to compact villages with walls. He also describes limits on access to fields and other food sources. The later study supports war-related settlement change.",
  "unknown": "The accounts do not name all earlier homes or define one displaced people. The regional process is not one village attack. Revised phase dates do not give the date of each fire.",
  "next_step": "Define the place, period and households for this settlement change. Keep it distinct from each village fire and from later regional departure.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.wilson.anth.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.anth.d7_wilson/files/sitefiles/publications/Wilson%202015.pdf",
    "https://wilson.anth.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.anth.d7_wilson/files/sitefiles/Reassessing_the_chronology_of_the_Missis.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Greg D. Wilson, Incinerated Villages in the North (2015), printed pp. 102, 103. Original author-hosted chapter; full eight-page text layer and selected published images read. Underlying excavation reports not independently read.",
    "Gregory D. Wilson, Mallory A. Melton, Amber M. VanDerwarker, Reassessing the chronology of the Mississippian Central Illinois River Valley using Bayesian analysis (2017), ahead-of-print physical pp. 4, 14. Consulted author-archived ahead-of-print version; physical pages1–4 and13–15 read. No full model audit or crosswalk to2018issue22–38. Overlapping author, not independent attack confirmation."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-9318d324a395f2ec50e1",
  "name": "Westo defeat and refuge",
  "place_and_era": "Savannah valley and Chattahoochee communities, 1680–1683.",
  "attested": "Smith reports that Carolinian forces and Savannah allies defeated the Westo. Westo refugees moved to communities on the Chattahoochee.",
  "unknown": "The Westo town site is uncertain. The loss of a separate group identity does not mean that all its people died.",
  "next_step": "Trace the loss of residence and the places of refuge. Keep survival distinct from loss of a group name.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archaeology.uga.edu/sites/default/files/2025-03/uga_lab_series_30.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Smith (1992), Historic Period Indian Archaeology of Northern Georgia, pp. 28, 32, 33."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-3f8ac0cc1bfac894d38c",
  "name": "Anbil charter: loss of tenant rights",
  "place_and_era": "A tract in the Chola realm. The charter gives the fourth year of the king. The modern grant site and calendar date remain unknown. Anbil was the findspot and the home of Aniruddha.",
  "attested": "The edition gives one charter in two languages. It reports a grant of 10 velis from Nanmulankudi to Aniruddha. It reports local acts to mark the bounds and record the grant. Rao translates its terms as eviction of the old tenants. Those terms give their land rights to Aniruddha.",
  "unknown": "We do not know how anyone enforced the terms or if the tenants left their homes. Their identities and later homes remain unknown.",
  "next_step": "Examine sources about the prior tenants and any other loss of land rights they faced. Keep both population history questions open.",
  "sources": [
    "https://jainqq.org/booktext/Epigraphia_Indica_Vol_15/032569"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "T. A. Gopinatha Rao, Anbil Plates of Sundara-Chola: The 4th Year, Epigraphia Indica XV (volume coverage 1919–20; imprint date unverified), pp. 44–72. Sanskrit translation verses 38–43, printed p.70; Tamil translation lines 123–136 and 136–173, printed pp.70–72, especially the old-tenants clause on p.72; lines 173–183, printed p.72. Editor discussion pp.55–57; opening p.44. One bilingual charter and its primary edition, consulted in the saved bounded opening/discussion/English-translation windows. Sanskrit and Tamil portions, editorial summary and signatories do not supply independent witness counts. Volume coverage 1919–20 is not a separately verified imprint date. Original scripts, plate/page images, lexical translation and exact modern legal bundle remain unchecked; OCR and editorial interpretations remain."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-5e4d48940ebec3637782",
  "name": "The Neulpur grant and prior land rights",
  "place_and_era": "Two villages in Northern Tosali, in the eighth year of Subhakara. The calendar date remains unknown.",
  "attested": "The charter joins two named villages under one name. It grants both villages tax-free to Brahman donees. It asks officials to preserve the gift.",
  "unknown": "The charter does not state whether earlier residents lost homes or land rights. The edition gives two different totals for the donees. Neither total counts displaced people.",
  "next_step": "Examine earlier rights in both villages and what changed under the grant. Keep the origins of the residents unresolved.",
  "sources": [
    "https://jainqq.org/booktext/Epigraphia_Indica_Vol_15/032569"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "R. D. Banerji, Neulpur Grant of Subhakara: The 8th Year, Epigraphia Indica XV (imprint date unverified). editor grant summary; English translation lines 1–30 and date clause. English charter translation and editor grant summary."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-ecb6f39b5389b4cc2b7a",
  "name": "The Atukuru temple grant and earlier rights",
  "place_and_era": "The village of Atukuru in Kam nadu. The gift was for the coronation of Virupaksha. Its exact date remains unknown.",
  "attested": "The English abstract reports a gift of the village to the god Mallikarjuna. Sri Lingachakresvara received the gift for the god. The grant gave the village a new name. It set out its bounds and rights to income.",
  "unknown": "The text does not state whether prior holders lost rights or residents lost homes. We do not know how the recipients used each grant right.",
  "next_step": "Examine prior rights and any adverse change under the grant. Do not infer that the recipients moved into the village.",
  "sources": [
    "https://jainqq.org/booktext/Epigraphia_Indica_Vol_15/032569"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "T. A. Gopinatha Rao, Srisailam Plates of Virupaksha: Saka-Samvat 1388, Epigraphia Indica XV (imprint date unverified). immediate grant summary, boundary section and engraver; verses 22–40 and lines 68–77. English abstract of the charter and editor grant summary."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-4aed5d12ba69c0ab3165",
  "name": "Loss and recovery of Adoni fort",
  "place_and_era": "Adoni fort, also called Adhavani. The account places the acts in the reign of Harihara II. Exact dates remain unknown.",
  "attested": "Rao reports that forces called Musalmans or Turushkas seized the fort and held it. He reports that Channappa Odeya then recaptured it and restored it to Harihara II.",
  "unknown": "The account does not establish civilian eviction or deaths. It quotes earlier inscriptions that this research did not consult directly. The effects on residents remain unknown.",
  "next_step": "Examine control of the fort before and after each capture. Keep the loss and recovery distinct, with the roles at each stage.",
  "sources": [
    "https://jainqq.org/booktext/Epigraphia_Indica_Vol_15/032569"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "T. A. Gopinatha Rao, Srisailam Plates of Virupaksha: Saka-Samvat 1388, Epigraphia Indica XV (imprint date unverified). paragraph beginning The second important event is the taking of the fort at Adhavani, with embedded inscription excerpts. Editor historical discussion with earlier citations; not the operative Srisailam grant."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-36c3b49a6e11828583b9",
  "name": "People carried off as prisoners",
  "place_and_era": "The places where the prisoners lived remain unknown. The earlier edition and the later account disagree on the date.",
  "attested": "The English text says that Boleya Mummeya Nayaka killed people and took prisoners away. It says Tirika-gauda broke the hostile force, then died. Rao later quotes this record.",
  "unknown": "The homes, identities and later fate of the prisoners remain unknown. The reported battle does not establish their release or the final result of the campaign.",
  "next_step": "Examine the captive removal and retain the date conflict. Do not treat allied villages as captive homes.",
  "sources": [
    "https://jainqq.org/booktext/Epigraphia_Indica_Vol_15/032569",
    "https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat08myso"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "T. A. Gopinatha Rao, Srisailam Plates of Virupaksha: Saka-Samvat 1388, Epigraphia Indica XV (imprint date unverified). paragraph beginning One hitherto unnoticed incident, explicitly quoting Epigraphia Carnatica No.29, Nagar Taluka, Shimoga District. Editor historical discussion with earlier citations; not the operative Srisailam grant.",
    "B. Lewis Rice, Epigraphia Carnatica,  VIII, Shimoga District Part II (1904). Nagar No. 29, English translation, printed pp. 131–132; Roman text p. 246 for heading, date and names; first corrigenda page for p. 246 lines 14 and 18. Newly consulted full English No29 and relevant primary-edition page images; same inscription route as Rao’s quotation."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-d6f89995c8b99ee9fc90",
  "name": "Kampana and reported loss at two places",
  "place_and_era": "The reports name places near Srirangam and at Madura. Rao calls the first place Samayavaram or Kannanur. Exact dates remain unknown.",
  "attested": "Rao reports that Kampana destroyed Musalman settlements at both places. This claim appears in his historical discussion, not in the terms of the Srisailam grant.",
  "unknown": "The source trail for each claim remains unclear. A nearby quote concerns control of another tract. It does not prove loss at both places.",
  "next_step": "Trace the evidence for each place on its own. Establish whether the two reports concern one act or separate acts.",
  "sources": [
    "https://jainqq.org/booktext/Epigraphia_Indica_Vol_15/032569"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "T. A. Gopinatha Rao, Srisailam Plates of Virupaksha: Saka-Samvat 1388, Epigraphia Indica XV (imprint date unverified). Bukka I campaign paragraph beginning The reign of Bukka I is the most eventful. Editor historical discussion with earlier citations; not the operative Srisailam grant."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-16486dffbbfffbf72c02",
  "name": "The fight for Rangini",
  "place_and_era": "Rangini, during the reign of Harihara II. The exact battle date remains unresolved.",
  "attested": "Rao cites a record of Chennaya Nayaka, who died from wounds in a fight to take Rangini from Turushkas. He also uses a title of praise for another chief.",
  "unknown": "The death from wounds does not prove that the place fell. The result and exact battle date remain uncertain. The effects on residents' homes remain unknown.",
  "next_step": "Examine whether control of the place changed and what happened to its residents. Keep the inferred result separate from the reported death.",
  "sources": [
    "https://jainqq.org/booktext/Epigraphia_Indica_Vol_15/032569"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "T. A. Gopinatha Rao, Srisailam Plates of Virupaksha: Saka-Samvat 1388, Epigraphia Indica XV (imprint date unverified). fourth event of Harihara II’s reign. Editor historical discussion with earlier citations; not the operative Srisailam grant."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-9c5ed03c9c70b976e8ec",
  "name": "A reported revolt and plunder",
  "place_and_era": "The account names Konkanika and Kadambapura. It places the acts in the reign of Harihara II. Exact places and dates remain unclear.",
  "attested": "Rao reads titles of praise as signs of revolt and plunder. He links these acts to Bachappa Odeya. He also proposes later protection and submission.",
  "unknown": "These claims do not establish town destruction or eviction. We do not know who lost homes or land, or how long any loss of control lasted.",
  "next_step": "Examine the cited titles and evidence for each claimed act. Keep the proposed plunder, protection and submission distinct.",
  "sources": [
    "https://jainqq.org/booktext/Epigraphia_Indica_Vol_15/032569"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "T. A. Gopinatha Rao, Srisailam Plates of Virupaksha: Saka-Samvat 1388, Epigraphia Indica XV (imprint date unverified). first political event of Harihara II’s reign. Editor historical discussion with earlier citations; not the operative Srisailam grant."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-432c5fcf70d94d4f4f65",
  "name": "A village grant by Somadeva",
  "place_and_era": "A grant to monks at the Karle caves. The unnamed village site and exact date remain unknown.",
  "attested": "Senart translates inscription 14 as a village grant by Somadeva. He reads its terms as rights to taxes and other income.",
  "unknown": "The terms for these rights are disputed. The text does not show whose prior rights changed or whether the grant took effect. The residents and any moves remain unknown.",
  "next_step": "Find whether the grant changed prior rights to the village. Keep the cave site separate from the village site.",
  "sources": [
    "https://whatisindia.com/inscriptions/epigraphica_indica/vol7_1902-03/esenart14.html"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "E. Senart, The Inscriptions in the Caves at Karle, Epigraphia Indica VII, no. 7, inscription 14. English web text."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-5be72ea820e4976a1b0c",
  "name": "Settlement gaps in the Tradewater drainage",
  "place_and_era": "Northwestern Kentucky. Middle and Late Woodland periods. Exact dates remain unresolved.",
  "attested": "The survey reports an apparent break in occupation, followed by later occupation. It draws this pattern from a sample of sites.",
  "unknown": "The survey does not show why this pattern arose, who left, or whether anyone was forced from a home.",
  "next_step": "This is a research lead. Establish a bounded process and loss of residence before this becomes an atlas case.",
  "sources": [
    "https://heritage.ky.gov/Documents/Woodland%20Period%20Research%20in%20KY.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Ann I. Ottesen, Woodland Settlement Patterns in Northwestern Kentucky (1985), pp.166–186, especially p.182. Kentucky Heritage Council."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-aba019c6320e978b182c",
  "name": "Karajika and Karajaka: grants of land to monks",
  "place_and_era": "Karajika and Karajaka are the village names in these grants. Exact sites and dates remain unknown.",
  "attested": "Senart reads village grants to monks in inscriptions 13 and 19. He treats the later royal order as a renewal, with rights and exemptions.",
  "unknown": "Senart thinks both names refer to one village. The web text has gaps, and some rights are unclear. Corrected verbs give orders, not proof of action. Prior rights and their loss remain unknown, as do the residents and any moves.",
  "next_step": "Find whether anyone lost rights to the land. Establish whether the orders took effect.",
  "sources": [
    "https://whatisindia.com/inscriptions/epigraphica_indica/vol7_1902-03/esenart18.html"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "E. Senart, The Inscriptions in the Caves at Karle, Epigraphia Indica VII, no. 7, inscriptions 13 and 19. English web text."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-ab66d7ec2cbddf3b2cd9",
  "name": "Otomi loss of land near Xilotepec",
  "place_and_era": "Central Mexico, near Xilotepec, Tula and the Toluca valley. The source places this before Spanish rule but gives no date for the land loss.",
  "attested": "Levin Rojo reports that Nahua groups moved into the region. She says they displaced Otomi people from its better lands.",
  "unknown": "The source does not name the affected communities or their tracts. How people lost the land and where they went remain unclear.",
  "next_step": "Define which communities and lands this report covers. Ask how those communities formed and what other loss of land they faced.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.noticonquista.unam.mx/amoxtli/2370/2357"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Levin Rojo on land loss, paragraph 2."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-e0ccbb171a741c523281",
  "name": "Otomi flight from Spanish rule",
  "place_and_era": "From Xilotepec to La Canada, near Queretaro. The account puts the move after 1521. Its exact date is unknown.",
  "attested": "Levin Rojo reports that Conin led thirty Otomi families from Xilotepec to La Canada to seek refuge. She links the departure to pressure from Spanish rule. The families gained host permission to settle in return for crop tribute. The account says the hosts kept their lands and some rights.",
  "unknown": "The accounts about Conin differ. The cited text from 1582 and later traditions need comparison. The date, the fate of each family and any return remain unknown.",
  "next_step": "Set this flight within the wider Spanish conquest. Keep the flight, the right to settle and later roles apart.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.noticonquista.unam.mx/amoxtli/2370/2357"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Levin Rojo, paragraphs 5 and 6. Limits in paragraphs 7 and 9."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-8d3bfed86677f92c66fa",
  "name": "New settlers in western Maryland?",
  "place_and_era": "Western Maryland and the upper Potomac. The 1991 study places an expansion around 900 CE. This is not a dated removal.",
  "attested": "Curry and Kavanagh describe changes in pottery and later use of these sites. They favor the arrival of new settlers over change within the older groups. They link this to the Monongahela tradition. Some site deposits and dates overlap.",
  "unknown": "The source does not show how earlier land use ended. A new pottery type does not by itself prove a new people or forced movement. The affected group and land outcome remain unclear.",
  "next_step": "Check each site sequence on its own. Ask what changed for earlier users of the land, as well as who later lived there.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.academia.edu/4253116/The_Middle_to_Late_Woodland_Transition_in_Maryland"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Dennis C. Curry and Maureen Kavanagh, The Middle to Late Woodland Transition in Maryland, North American Archaeologist 12(1) (1991), pp. 5–9,22–23 (indexed text; original figures unverified)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-e08cb53e6b5c9cf3512e",
  "name": "Earlier quarry users and new villages in Maryland",
  "place_and_era": "Blue Ridge and Monocacy Valley, Maryland. The 1991 study places new villages around 900 to 1000 CE. That range does not date a loss of land.",
  "attested": "Earlier groups gathered stone and hunted in the area. Curry and Kavanagh suggest a possible loss of access as new settlers arrived. Stewart finds signs that some inland groups still gathered the stone. This does not show whether coastal users kept access.",
  "unknown": "It is not clear whether earlier users lost access to the land. Changes in pottery and stone tools alone do not identify a people or prove force. The proposed link between new villages and lost access remains uncertain.",
  "next_step": "Check the site records for a loss of access by earlier users. Compare this with continued use and changes in how people gathered stone.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.academia.edu/4253116/The_Middle_to_Late_Woodland_Transition_in_Maryland",
    "https://webspace.ship.edu/pgmarr/Geo320/Stewart%201987%20-%20Rhyolite%20Quarry%20and%20Quarry-Related%20Sites%20PA%20and%20MD.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Dennis C. Curry and Maureen Kavanagh, The Middle to Late Woodland Transition in Maryland, North American Archaeologist 12(1) (1991), pp. 15–16,21–24 (indexed text; original figures unverified).",
    "R. Michael Stewart, Rhyolite Quarry and Quarry-Related Sites in Maryland and Pennsylvania, Archaeology of Eastern North America 15 (1987), pp. 51–55 (original article; full text and stated images read)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-10fc505e29d7dc675572",
  "name": "People held on the Assaballa vessel",
  "place_and_era": "A vessel at the White Nile camp. Baker gives June 25 for its arrival. The camp sequence supplies the 1870 context. This does not date the original capture.",
  "attested": "Baker reports 35 captives aboard a vessel owned by Assaballa. He says the vessel came from Bahr Gazal. He reports their release. This was a separate transport from the Kutchuk Ali vessel.",
  "unknown": "The reported origin of the vessel does not identify their homes. Their capture dates and later return remain unknown. The Pongo musicians do not identify this group. The two vessel counts do not give a regional total.",
  "next_step": "Look for records of these captives' earlier homes and later lives. Keep them apart from the Kutchuk Ali group and the Pongo musicians.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/3607/pg3607-images.html"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Baker, expedition account. Chapter IV. On June 17 through the June 25 vessels and the immediately following Pongo-musicians paragraph. Chapter V first dated entry and start of chapter VI supply 1870 camp context only."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-183afcd2445829e045c9",
  "name": "Flight and home return of Quat Kare",
  "place_and_era": "Baker wrote about Quat Kare in the White Nile region. His expedition supplies the 1870 context. The flight and return dates are not given.",
  "attested": "Baker relays a report of an attempted capture and calls Quat Kare a fugitive. He says the king and governor went to their own homes. He reports peace and the later return of Quat Kare to office. An undated note reports his later imprisonment and death.",
  "unknown": "Loss of office does not by itself show loss of home. This unit concerns the reported flight. Return does not prove restored cattle, freed captives or future safety. Dates and the duration of flight remain unknown.",
  "next_step": "Trace the flight, home return and later loss in the linked accounts. Keep residence apart from claims about office and followers.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/3607/pg3607-images.html"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Baker, expedition account. Chapter IV; start of VI. Opening audience with the wife account; governor/king dialogue; following home-return paragraph; footnote on later imprisonment/death. Start of chapter VI: peace and reinstatement. Camp sequence supports 1870 context only; no flight/return dates inferred."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-5579dc3ca79895bd2364",
  "name": "Khyang evictions for forest reserves",
  "place_and_era": "Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh. The 2000 report describes evictions over the previous three or four years. These are not exact event dates.",
  "attested": "The CHT Commission says the government declared forest reserves. It reports the eviction of about 2,000 people from their land. Most were Khyang. It says they received no compensation.",
  "unknown": "The exact households and land boundaries remain unclear. Their overlap with other cases is unknown. The passage gives no exact event dates. Future plans are separate.",
  "next_step": "Check the affected places and how the reserve programme took effect. Trace earlier and later use of this land. Do not assume the same households appear in other cases.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.iwgia.org/images/publications//Life_is_not_ours_UPDATE4.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "CHT Commission, Life Is Not Ours, Update 4 (2000), Chapter 5, page 38. Map on page 40 supplies regional context."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-570ccb8b10616ad7707e",
  "name": "A house fire at Durango South",
  "place_and_era": "Durango, southwestern Colorado. The report gives a roof construction estimate in the 700s. This does not date the fire.",
  "attested": "The report describes a house that was in use when it burned. Its authors link the fire to loss of the home. They also report later storage use in the remains.",
  "unknown": "The cause of the fire and any human role remain unknown. These chapters do not establish an attack or forced removal. The residents, their fates and later land rights remain unclear.",
  "next_step": "Check what caused the fire and how it ended use of this home. Keep later reuse and the other buildings separate.",
  "sources": [
    "https://open.uapress.arizona.edu/system/actioncallout/e/6/f/e6f21c95-2933-4cf4-833f-cf6e887ff9bc/attachment/4189dd20f2ace5606e4dac0f191e890d.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "John D. Gooding (ed.), The Durango South Project (1980). Chapter II, pages 13-44; Chapter VI, pages 177-184. University of Arizona Press."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-cf92f9f2726d922d1532",
  "name": "Captives held on the Kutchuk Ali vessel",
  "place_and_era": "The account describes a vessel at the White Nile camp. Baker gives May 10 for the interception. The camp sequence supplies the 1870 context, not a date for the original capture.",
  "attested": "Baker reports 150 captives on a vessel owned by Kutchuk Ali. Some were in irons. He describes their release, papers of freedom and new household placements.",
  "unknown": "This is a count of people on one vessel. It is not a regional total. Their home villages, capture dates and actual return remain unknown. Release does not prove full freedom after placement.",
  "next_step": "Find records of the homes these captives left. Compare their release and placements with signs of return or continued force.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/3607/pg3607-images.html"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Baker, expedition account. Chapter IV. Paragraph beginning On the 10th May through the liberated-captive and Mostoora discussion. Chapter V first dated entry and start of chapter VI supply 1870 camp context, not capture dates."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-fec5dfe2e80e07cbd975",
  "name": "Former Dinka homes on the east bank near Tewfikeeyah",
  "place_and_era": "East bank near Tewfikeeyah in the White Nile region. Baker describes the bank in his 1870 camp account. This does not date the raids.",
  "attested": "Baker saw pot fragments and traces of old villages on the east bank. He said Dinka people once lived there. He blamed slave raids by Fashoda governors and their Baggara allies for the loss. People still lived and traded on the west bank.",
  "unknown": "The ruins do not prove the cause that Baker gives. The dates, full extent and fate of the former residents remain unknown. These claims come from one account.",
  "next_step": "Trace the former villages and their residents in the linked records. Compare evidence of raids with other causes of loss and signs of return.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/3607/pg3607-images.html"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Baker, expedition account. Chapter IV. Paragraphs beginning Although this country was exceedingly rich in soil and I frequently rode on horseback; later east-bank Dinka-country sentence. Chapter V first dated entry and start of chapter VI supply 1870 camp chronology, not raid dates."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-05eb89ad5eba2ee8e564",
  "name": "Homes and group ties at Chesterfield.",
  "place_and_era": "Chesterfield Inlet. The report gives no date for these group ties.",
  "attested": "Rasmussen calls these residents Igluligârjungmiut. He describes a mix of the groups named in his report. Some came from Baker Lake and the Kazan River. He does not call them a separate tribe. Worster made the English text from Danish.",
  "unknown": "The phases and links between these groups are not clear. Shared homes do not prove land title. The report gives no forced move or cause.",
  "next_step": "Trace each named place and group. Assess the home ties and land rights. Seek evidence for any forced change.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archive.org/download/intellectualcult00rasm/intellectualcult00rasm.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Knud Rasmussen, Intellectual Culture of the Iglulik Eskimos, translated from the Danish by W. Worster, Report of the Fifth Thule Expedition 1921–24, vol. VII, no. 1 (Copenhagen, 1929), printed p. 10 (physical PDF p. 12)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-0ede0c21408e784d4eff",
  "name": "Land gifts of Bhanuvarma and Pandara",
  "place_and_era": "Kardamapati at Palasika. Fleet puts these charters near the fifth century CE. Exact years stay unknown.",
  "attested": "Fleet reports a gift by Bhanuvarma and an act by Pandara. One clause assigns fifteen nivartanas of land. It frees that land from a stated tax and other burdens.",
  "unknown": "The relation between the clauses is unclear. Earlier rights and the effects on prior land users remain open.",
  "next_step": "Check how the two acts relate. Trace any change in land rights or use.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/The_Indian_Antiquary_Vol_6.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "J. F. Fleet, “Sanskrit and Old Canarese Inscriptions,” The Indian Antiquary VI (January 1877), No. XXIII, printed pp. 27, 28, 29 (physical PDF pp. 43, 44, 47)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-13834ec4479f20e54fc8",
  "name": "Two sites: Cedarland and Claiborne.",
  "place_and_era": "These early sites are near the Pearl River estuary. The people and dates of any move remain unclear.",
  "attested": "The report describes nearby sites used one after the other. Similar layouts and objects raise a question about whether the same people moved.",
  "unknown": "The same population is not established. Similar activities and changes in the estuary can explain the pattern. No forced move is shown.",
  "next_step": "Compare the two sites. Do not assume that the same people lived at both.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archeology.uark.edu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/RS37_acc.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Marvin D. Jeter and G. Ishmael Williams, Jr., Chapter 5 in Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Trans-Mississippi South in Arkansas and Louisiana (Arkansas Archeological Survey, 1989), printed pp. 101, 109 (physical PDF pp. 113, 121)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-1b55086db849db2ce6ad",
  "name": "Possible moves from lowlands to the Ozarks.",
  "place_and_era": "The report compares early lowland and Ozark upland use. The dates of any move are not set.",
  "attested": "One model shifts permanent homes from the lowlands to Ozark uplands. It retains some lowland use and later renewed settlement.",
  "unknown": "Forced departure and a full break in use are not established. Climate, hidden sites and missed artifact types remain possible explanations.",
  "next_step": "Ask if people left the lowlands. Look for continued use and sites that surveys can miss.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archeology.uark.edu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/RS37_acc.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Marvin D. Jeter and G. Ishmael Williams, Jr., Chapter 5 in Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Trans-Mississippi South in Arkansas and Louisiana (Arkansas Archeological Survey, 1989), printed pp. 85, 86, 89, 91, 93 (physical PDF pp. 97, 98, 101, 103, 105)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-20c1b3ab697b04afbf3b",
  "name": "Early use at Johnny Ford.",
  "place_and_era": "The report describes an early level at Johnny Ford by the Red River. No forced move is established.",
  "attested": "The report describes an early level within the Fourche Maline sequence. It finds links with Poverty Point material.",
  "unknown": "A culture name does not prove a new people or forced replacement. The main occupation and cemetery belong to a later level.",
  "next_step": "Keep the early level apart from later use and burials.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archeology.uark.edu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/RS37_acc.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Marvin D. Jeter and G. Ishmael Williams, Jr., Chapter 5 in Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Trans-Mississippi South in Arkansas and Louisiana (Arkansas Archeological Survey, 1989), printed pp. 107, 108 (physical PDF pp. 119, 120)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-27d44a4a2c8f2345b5c3",
  "name": "The decline of Poverty Point.",
  "place_and_era": "The report describes a late stage at Poverty Point in Louisiana. It does not establish a removal.",
  "attested": "The report describes an end to major construction, less occupied space and weaker trade. It also describes later cultural change.",
  "unknown": "No forced loss or replacement of the people is established. The report rejects the old Hopewellian invasion claim because its dates do not fit.",
  "next_step": "Separate changes in construction and trade from any proved change in access or residence.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archeology.uark.edu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/RS37_acc.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Marvin D. Jeter and G. Ishmael Williams, Jr., Chapter 5 in Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Trans-Mississippi South in Arkansas and Louisiana (Arkansas Archeological Survey, 1989), printed pp. 103, 105 (physical PDF pp. 115, 117)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-2912a78abe3eb1ea17ea",
  "name": "Saglermiut loss and new homes on Southampton.",
  "place_and_era": "Southampton Island, also called Sagleq. The report puts the new homes early in the 20th century. This does not date the prior loss.",
  "attested": "Rasmussen says most new residents came from the Aivilingmiut. Some came from the Iglulingmiut. He says the Saglermiut died out before this. He links the new homes to good hunts. Worster made the English text from Danish.",
  "unknown": "The cause and scale of the claimed loss are not clear. The new homes do not explain the prior loss. Counts and land rights stay unknown.",
  "next_step": "Study the prior loss and the new homes as separate steps. Keep their link open. Do not treat the new residents as the cause of the loss.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archive.org/download/intellectualcult00rasm/intellectualcult00rasm.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Knud Rasmussen, Intellectual Culture of the Iglulik Eskimos, translated from the Danish by W. Worster, Report of the Fifth Thule Expedition 1921–24, vol. VII, no. 1 (Copenhagen, 1929), printed p. 10 (physical PDF p. 12)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-31549eb9972c4f055643",
  "name": "Netsilingmiut homes and names.",
  "place_and_era": "The book names sites from Lyon Inlet to Chesterfield Inlet. It says people lived there for generations. It gives no set date.",
  "attested": "Rasmussen says the name Netsilingmiut first meant people near a lake. The name then spread to more people in the eastern Northwest Passage. He reports homes at many sites over generations. Worster made the English text from Danish.",
  "unknown": "The name does not prove one fixed group. The report gives no forced move or cause. It does not settle past land rights.",
  "next_step": "Trace the people and the name as two linked histories. Assess any forced loss of homes or land on its own evidence.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archive.org/download/intellectualcult00rasm/intellectualcult00rasm.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Knud Rasmussen, Intellectual Culture of the Iglulik Eskimos, translated from the Danish by W. Worster, Report of the Fifth Thule Expedition 1921–24, vol. VII, no. 1 (Copenhagen, 1929), printed pp. 9–10 (physical PDF pp. 11–12)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-34a0ab915dfaf45082aa",
  "name": "New groups and Tchefuncte residents",
  "place_and_era": "The Lower Mississippi Valley. The report places this discussion in 100 B.C.-A.D. 400. It gives no settled dates for the proposed arrivals.",
  "attested": "The report describes a view about new Hopewellian arrivals. In this view, they kept some activities apart from Tchefuncte residents. The report also describes local ways of life that continued.",
  "unknown": "It is unclear what changed for residents' homes, land use, access or control. New people, shared ideas and local change remain possible readings.",
  "next_step": "Read the cited argument about new arrivals. Trace what changed for residents. Compare movement, shared ideas and local change.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archeology.uark.edu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/RS37_acc.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Marvin D. Jeter and G. Ishmael Williams, Jr., Chapter 6 in Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Trans-Mississippi South in Arkansas and Louisiana (Arkansas Archeological Survey, 1989), printed pp. 138 (physical PDF pp. 150)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-34be18f4ea62932ecba5",
  "name": "The seizure of the island Revati.",
  "place_and_era": "The book names Revati. The exact site and date are not set.",
  "attested": "The book says Mangalesa seized Revati. The English verse says he aimed to take it. His army climbed the ramparts. The verse does not state a completed seizure.",
  "unknown": "The earlier ruler and effects on land users are not clear. The book puts Swamiraja there as a guess.",
  "next_step": "Keep these two source claims distinct. Do not treat seizure as proof that people had to leave.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf",
    "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/erc-dharma/tfb-badamicalukya-epigraphy/d6495b08e22bfb256de11ef4c9277cda37f168fe/xml-provisional/DHARMA_INSBadamiCalukya00005.xml"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VII, printed pp. 112, 113 (physical PDF pp. 116, 117).",
    "Dániel Balogh (ed.), DHARMA, Aihole temple foundation of Ravikīrti of the time of Pulakeśin II, DHARMA_INSBadamiCalukya00005.xml; reproduced English translation credited to Kielhorn1900–1901 (bib:Kielhorn1900-1901_01), stanza13; pinned commit d6495b08e22bfb256de11ef4c9277cda37f168fe. Digital English/editorial scope accepted; original printed articles, independent Sanskrit and full French reading not claimed."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-3531887aec5668d2f9a9",
  "name": "A field gift at Khetagrama",
  "place_and_era": "Badovara-kshetra in Khetagrama. Fleet puts these charters near the fifth century CE. Exact years stay unknown.",
  "attested": "Fleet reports a field gift from Kakusthavarma to General Srutakirtti. The text links it to a rescue. It also calls the village Arhat property.",
  "unknown": "The roles in the rescue are unclear. Earlier users, rights and the effects of the gift remain open.",
  "next_step": "Trace the field rights and prior users. Check whether the gift caused a loss of rights or use.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/The_Indian_Antiquary_Vol_6.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "J. F. Fleet, “Sanskrit and Old Canarese Inscriptions,” The Indian Antiquary VI (January 1877), No. XX, printed pp. 23, 24 (physical PDF pp. 33, 34)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-561d2820449793448f6f",
  "name": "Pishtapura: a reported capture.",
  "place_and_era": "The book names Pishtapura. The event date and the full bounds remain unknown.",
  "attested": "The book says Pulakesin II seized the citadel. The verse translation describes pressure that made the fortress accessible. Both texts draw on the same inscription.",
  "unknown": "The verse does not state occupation or lasting rule. An editor notes unclear letters. The residents' fate remains unknown.",
  "next_step": "Keep both accounts distinct. Assess the city claim and the kingdom claim without a double count.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf",
    "https://dharmalekha.info/texts/INSBadamiCalukya00005"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VII, printed pp. 113, 114 (physical PDF pp. 117, 118).",
    "F. Kielhorn, Aihole inscription, English verse 27 as reproduced in DHARMA, edited by Daniel Balogh, with apparatus APP21 (pinned digital edition commit d6495b08e22bfb256de11ef4c9277cda37f168fe). Complete English/editorial scope accepted; no original printed article, independent Sanskrit or material authentication claimed."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-58746dd4c7ab538d932d",
  "name": "Ravi and rule at Palasika",
  "place_and_era": "Palasika. Fleet puts these charters near the fifth century CE. Exact years stay unknown.",
  "attested": "Fleet translates a claim that Ravi set up his rule at Palasika. The text also says he killed rival kings and overthrew Chandadanda.",
  "unknown": "The earlier ruler at this site is not clear. The acts do not all have known sites or links. Their effects on other land users are unknown.",
  "next_step": "Assess the reported change in control. Check how the acts relate. Keep the extent of loss open.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/The_Indian_Antiquary_Vol_6.pdf",
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "J. F. Fleet, “Sanskrit and Old Canarese Inscriptions,” The Indian Antiquary VI (January 1877), Nos. XXIV and XXVI, printed pp. 30, 32 (physical PDF pp. 48, 52).",
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VII, printed p. 102 (physical PDF p. 106); derivative interpretation."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-6783b78a117bc95554b7",
  "name": "Vasuntavataka: a village gift",
  "place_and_era": "The source puts the village in Suddikundura. Fleet puts these charters near the fifth century CE. Exact years stay unknown.",
  "attested": "Fleet reports that Harivarma gave the village to a named sect, free from claims. The stated plan funds temple rites first. The rest is for food for the sect.",
  "unknown": "Earlier rights and effects on users remain open. The source gives different names for the village, temple site and place of issue.",
  "next_step": "Trace village rights and the effects of the grant. Keep the named people and sites apart unless a source links them.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/The_Indian_Antiquary_Vol_6.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "J. F. Fleet, “Sanskrit and Old Canarese Inscriptions,” The Indian Antiquary VI (January 1877), No. XXV, printed pp. 30, 31 (physical PDF pp. 48, 51)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-72f71ff18499a122faea",
  "name": "Possible moves from the Plains.",
  "place_and_era": "The report discusses early sites in Arkansas and Louisiana. It does not date a known move.",
  "attested": "The report proposes arrivals or wider ranges for hunters from the Plains. It links this idea to Scottsbluff and Eden points.",
  "unknown": "A migrant group and forced loss are not established. The finds can also reflect trade or visits to western stone sources.",
  "next_step": "Use site finds to compare moves, wider ranges for hunters, trade and local travel.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archeology.uark.edu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/RS37_acc.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Marvin D. Jeter and G. Ishmael Williams, Jr., Chapter 5 in Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Trans-Mississippi South in Arkansas and Louisiana (Arkansas Archeological Survey, 1989), printed pp. 75, 84, 87, 89 (physical PDF pp. 87, 96, 99, 101)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-89d51aa5bdcf06c3cfb8",
  "name": "The land grant recorded on the Birur plates.",
  "place_and_era": "The record names Sindhuthaya. Rice suggests a date near 450 CE, but the date and place are not secure.",
  "attested": "The plates record a village and other land given to Brahmans, with a king's leave. They set out shares and terms to protect the gift.",
  "unknown": "The record does not name earlier users or state how the gift changed their rights. The donor's link to other kings is not clear.",
  "next_step": "Assess the change in land control. Examine the date, place and links to kings in other records.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf",
    "https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat06myso"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VII, printed p. 101 (physical PDF p. 105).",
    "B. Lewis Rice, Epigraphia Carnatica VI (1901), Kadur 162: English translation p.33/PDF359; transcription p.91/PDF153; introduction pp.3–5/PDF21–23."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-96a74d2f6e5b584f00c0",
  "name": "The death of Swamiraja.",
  "place_and_era": "The book names Swamiraja. The site and date of his death are not set.",
  "attested": "The book says Mangalesa killed a king. It names the king as Swamiraja.",
  "unknown": "The link to Revati in the book is not firm. The death does not by itself prove a loss of land.",
  "next_step": "Assess the death and any land outcome. Keep it apart from flight and seizure.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VII, printed pp. 112, 113 (physical PDF pp. 116, 117)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-9db5257a289e876ea378",
  "name": "Mississippian spread near Zebree",
  "place_and_era": "Zebree and northeast Arkansas. The report discusses A.D. 700-1000. These section dates do not date an attack or a loss of land.",
  "attested": "The report describes new pottery and a planned village at Zebree. It reports a ditch and a possible stockade. Pottery skills, people, or both are possible sources of these changes.",
  "unknown": "These finds do not show an attack or loss of land on their own. The cause and effects remain open.",
  "next_step": "Read the cited Zebree work. Compare the spread of pottery skills with the movement of people. Ask what changed in homes, access or land use.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archeology.uark.edu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/RS37_acc.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Marvin D. Jeter and G. Ishmael Williams, Jr., Chapter 6 in Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Trans-Mississippi South in Arkansas and Louisiana (Arkansas Archeological Survey, 1989), printed pp. 156, 159, 160 (physical PDF pp. 168, 171, 172)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-b93264e656f9805a7ead",
  "name": "The Tunit tale of loss at Uglit.",
  "place_and_era": "Uglit near Iglulik. The tale gives no date.",
  "attested": "Ivaluardjuk tells of Tunit homes at Uglit. More numerous others drove the Tunit out. They left the village area. Rasmussen prints the tale. Worster made the English text from Danish.",
  "unknown": "Its date and place in history are not clear. The name Tunit does not prove a Dorset link. We do not know who drove them out. The tale tells of great strength and a man who makes rock fly with a harpoon.",
  "next_step": "Assess this tale as a claim about the past. Compare it with the broad Thule case. Keep group links and dates unresolved.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archive.org/download/intellectualcult00rasm/intellectualcult00rasm.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Knud Rasmussen, Intellectual Culture of the Iglulik Eskimos, translated from the Danish by W. Worster, Report of the Fifth Thule Expedition 1921–24, vol. VII, no. 1 (Copenhagen, 1929), printed pp. 256–257 (physical PDF pp. 288, 291); genre/method context printed p. 251 and opening p. 252 (physical pp. 283–284), printed pp. 9–11 (physical pp. 11–13)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-c46a360bab14b0e5cb4e",
  "name": "Marade: a village grant",
  "place_and_era": "The site of Marade is unclear. Fleet puts these charters near the fifth century CE. Exact years stay unknown.",
  "attested": "Fleet reports a village gift for the Aharishti sect and its temple. Harivarma made the gift. Bhanusakti asked for it. Dharmanandi oversaw the sect.",
  "unknown": "Earlier rights and users are unclear. The source does not state an exemption from tax for this gift. Its effects on prior users remain open.",
  "next_step": "Trace village rights and what changed for prior users. Assess whether the grant changed use or control of the land.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/The_Indian_Antiquary_Vol_6.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "J. F. Fleet, “Sanskrit and Old Canarese Inscriptions,” The Indian Antiquary VI (January 1877), No. XXVI, printed pp. 31, 32 (physical PDF pp. 51, 52)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-c61a9b2b5aa4f7e2ea84",
  "name": "Questions about who controlled land use",
  "place_and_era": "Several Lower Mississippi Valley and coastal settings. The report discusses different models within A.D. 400-1000. This is not the date range of one event.",
  "attested": "The report gives models for crop schedules, ranked centers and household resources. The models differ on who held power. One view allows coastal groups to retain their own ways of life.",
  "unknown": "It is unclear whether anyone lost control of land use or access. These models cover different places and times. A loss of control need not involve departure.",
  "next_step": "Check each model in its own place and time. Ask how control of land use changed and whether anyone lost use or access.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archeology.uark.edu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/RS37_acc.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Marvin D. Jeter and G. Ishmael Williams, Jr., Chapter 6 in Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Trans-Mississippi South in Arkansas and Louisiana (Arkansas Archeological Survey, 1989), printed pp. 154, 162, 169 (physical PDF pp. 166, 174, 181)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-d038669534c9601a3b3f",
  "name": "Proposed Hoecake expansion and conflict",
  "place_and_era": "Northeast Arkansas and nearby southeast Missouri. The report places this discussion in A.D. 400-700. The proposed expansion has no settled dates.",
  "attested": "The report cites a view that Hoecake people expanded at the expense of the Barnes tradition. That view includes conflict. The report also records doubts about the dates.",
  "unknown": "It is unclear whether the proposed expansion changed homes, land use, access or control. The links between the groups remain disputed.",
  "next_step": "Read the cited conflict argument when access is available. Ask whether the proposed expansion changed local homes, land use, access or control.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archeology.uark.edu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/RS37_acc.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Marvin D. Jeter and G. Ishmael Williams, Jr., Chapter 6 in Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Trans-Mississippi South in Arkansas and Louisiana (Arkansas Archeological Survey, 1989), printed pp. 143, 145 (physical PDF pp. 155, 157)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-d0621a844554f4f8231e",
  "name": "Madhava gives land near the Paruvi tank.",
  "place_and_era": "The book names the Paruvi tank. It links the tract to Parigi. The date is not set.",
  "attested": "The book says Madhava gave land near the tank. It links the gift to the Penukonda plates.",
  "unknown": "His place in the king list is not clear. Prior rights and use of the land are unknown.",
  "next_step": "Check the rights changed by the gift. Keep the place claim in the book open.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VII, printed p. 105 (physical PDF p. 109)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-d21ec0367d1155c1a843",
  "name": "A grant of Kumura village.",
  "place_and_era": "The book names Kumura in Paruvishaya. Its date and exact site are not set.",
  "attested": "The book reports a grant of Kumura. This is a gift apart from the land near the tank.",
  "unknown": "The plate number differs in the book. Its dates and the earlier village rights are not clear.",
  "next_step": "Check what rights the gift gave. Assess any forced loss of use or control.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VII, printed p. 105 (physical PDF p. 109)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-e0658828f8b87f6f520f",
  "name": "Russell Landing: movement or shared ideas",
  "place_and_era": "Russell Landing and nearby inland Louisiana. The report discusses 600-100 B.C. These are section dates, not dates of a settled movement.",
  "attested": "The report cites two views of Russell Landing. One proposes movement north from the coast. The other proposes the spread of ideas. The report also notes ties to pottery farther north.",
  "unknown": "It is unclear which view fits the evidence. No imposed loss of homes, land use, access or control is established. The order of the changes is also unclear.",
  "next_step": "Read the thesis and settlement argument by Gibson. Compare movement and shared ideas. Ask what changed for people and their use of land.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archeology.uark.edu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/RS37_acc.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Marvin D. Jeter and G. Ishmael Williams, Jr., Chapter 6 in Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Trans-Mississippi South in Arkansas and Louisiana (Arkansas Archeological Survey, 1989), printed pp. 118, 120, 122 (physical PDF pp. 130, 132, 134)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-e1cfe61fd5755371cb5b",
  "name": "Punnad comes under Ganga rule.",
  "place_and_era": "The book names Punnad. The date and full bounds are not set.",
  "attested": "The book says Durvinita added Punnad to the Ganga kingdom.",
  "unknown": "Some records cited by the book are in dispute. The marriage does not prove how rule changed. Effects on residents are unknown.",
  "next_step": "Assess the reported change in rule. Keep the marriage, battles and land transfer apart.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VII, printed p. 109 (physical PDF p. 113)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-e8fa20a85436c74926c2",
  "name": "Ravi and a gift of land",
  "place_and_era": "The text does not name the tract. Fleet puts these charters near the fifth century CE. Exact years stay unknown.",
  "attested": "Fleet reports a gift of four nivartanas to Jinendra. The text links this gift to the favor of the mother of Damakirtti. A nivartana is a unit of land.",
  "unknown": "Earlier users and rights are unclear. The gift does not have a known link to the deaths named in the same text. Its effects on prior users remain open.",
  "next_step": "Trace the tract, its rights and its prior users. Check whether the gift caused a loss of use or control.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/The_Indian_Antiquary_Vol_6.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "J. F. Fleet, “Sanskrit and Old Canarese Inscriptions,” The Indian Antiquary VI (January 1877), No. XXIV, printed p. 30 (physical PDF p. 48)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-ebb05038e4dd252392d1",
  "name": "Kheta and Purukhetaka: rights and income",
  "place_and_era": "The links between these place names are unclear. Fleet puts these charters near the fifth century CE. Exact years stay unknown.",
  "attested": "Fleet reports an earlier holder of Kheta, a renewed grant and a gift by Jayakirtti. He also says Ravi set rules for the use of village income. The rules support rites and holy people.",
  "unknown": "The source leaves some grant roles unclear. The links between the sites and acts remain open. Effects on prior users are unknown.",
  "next_step": "Trace each grant and its rights. Keep each act apart while its links remain unclear.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/The_Indian_Antiquary_Vol_6.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "J. F. Fleet, “Sanskrit and Old Canarese Inscriptions,” The Indian Antiquary VI (January 1877), No. XXII, printed pp. 25, 26, 27 (physical PDF pp. 37, 38, 43)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-ec5faec7c30263975444",
  "name": "The king Buddharaja flees.",
  "place_and_era": "The book names Buddharaja. The land he left and his refuge are not clear. The date is not set.",
  "attested": "The book says Mangalesa put a king to flight. It names him as Buddharaja. Chapter V reports that Mangalesa defeated Buddharaja before 601 AD. It also reports Buddharaja ruling at Vidisa in 609 AD and Anandapura in 610 AD.",
  "unknown": "His route and later home are unknown. The effect of the flight on land control is not clear. Those later authority reports do not prove permanent removal or return. The defeat and forced flight are not established as one episode. The dates remain the book's reports, not an assigned event year.",
  "next_step": "Assess the forced flight and its land effects. Keep it apart from the death and island seizure. Assess how the defeat, flight and later authority relate without merging them.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VII, printed pp. 112, 113 (physical PDF pp. 116, 117). | G. Jouveau-Dubreuil (1920), Ancient History of the Deccan. English translation by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar. Chapter V, The dynasties of Western Deccan. Printed p. 82; PDF p. 86."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-f2c1469f0fa7a0cda43a",
  "name": "Mrigesa and a temple land gift",
  "place_and_era": "Palasika and land from Matrisarit to Inginisamgama. Fleet puts these charters near the fifth century CE. Exact years stay unknown.",
  "attested": "Fleet reports a Jina temple and a gift of thirty-three nivartanas of land. The gift supports Arhats and Kurchakas. The king was at Vaijayanti. This does not place all the granted land there.",
  "unknown": "Earlier rights and land use are not clear. How the grant took effect and whether it caused loss remain open.",
  "next_step": "Trace the rights and earlier users of the granted land. A loss of land use need not involve departure.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/The_Indian_Antiquary_Vol_6.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "J. F. Fleet, “Sanskrit and Old Canarese Inscriptions,” The Indian Antiquary VI (January 1877), No. XXI, printed pp. 24, 25 (physical PDF pp. 34, 37)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-f8a21c5a567564bc3c23",
  "name": "Mrigesa and claims of force",
  "place_and_era": "The attack sites are unknown. Fleet puts these charters near the fifth century CE. Exact years stay unknown.",
  "attested": "Fleet translates a claim that Mrigesa uprooted the Tungaganga family. The same text calls him a destructive force against the Pallavas.",
  "unknown": "The text does not fix the sites, bounds or changes in control. It does not show the fate of all residents.",
  "next_step": "Trace the acts and the people or land they affected. Check whether a loss of control or use took place.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/The_Indian_Antiquary_Vol_6.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "J. F. Fleet, “Sanskrit and Old Canarese Inscriptions,” The Indian Antiquary VI (January 1877), No. XXI, printed p. 25 (physical PDF p. 37)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-fb7886bcac5ed866cb6d",
  "name": "Proposed Baytown intrusion",
  "place_and_era": "The northeastern edge of the Issaquena area in the Lower Mississippi Valley. The report discusses A.D. 400-700. These are section dates.",
  "attested": "The report cites a view that Baytown groups entered the northeastern edge of the Issaquena area. It also describes ties to earlier groups farther north.",
  "unknown": "It is unclear whether residents lost homes, land use, access or control. Local change is another possible explanation. Check the Belmont page reference.",
  "next_step": "Check the Belmont reference and the argument behind it. Trace what changed for residents. Keep local change and movement as possible explanations.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archeology.uark.edu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/RS37_acc.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Marvin D. Jeter and G. Ishmael Williams, Jr., Chapter 6 in Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Trans-Mississippi South in Arkansas and Louisiana (Arkansas Archeological Survey, 1989), printed pp. 142, 143 (physical PDF pp. 154, 155)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-0c9ff02e87b8540ee0f5",
  "name": "Homes left in the Western Lowlands",
  "place_and_era": "Northeast Arkansas and nearby Missouri. The report places the decline around 1350 to 1400. These are broad source dates.",
  "attested": "Permanent homes fell out of use in the western area. Homes became more common farther east. The report describes a separate history from Cairo.",
  "unknown": "Local land and river conditions differ from Cairo. The cause, people and terms of any move remain unclear.",
  "next_step": "Study the western sites and the cited land use argument. Keep this question apart from Cairo and the much earlier Ozark shift.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archeology.uark.edu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/RS37_acc.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Marvin D. Jeter and G. Ishmael Williams, Jr., Chapter 7 in Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Trans-Mississippi South in Arkansas and Louisiana (Arkansas Archeological Survey, 1989), printed pp. 171, 180, 181, 185, 188 (physical PDF pp. 183, 192, 193, 197, 200)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-128e244738a37c58f523",
  "name": "Possible flight and refuge in the Yazoo Basin",
  "place_and_era": "The Yazoo Basin. The report links these changes to Spanish contact. It places the Russell phase into the early 1700s.",
  "attested": "The report proposes a move away from the Mississippi. It describes possible refuge for Tunica, Yazoo, Ofo and other people in the Russell phase.",
  "unknown": "The origins and group links remain uncertain. A refuge does not prove that new people forced earlier residents out.",
  "next_step": "Study the proposed flight and the new homes. Keep the origins of each proposed group distinct.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archeology.uark.edu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/RS37_acc.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Marvin D. Jeter and G. Ishmael Williams, Jr., Chapter 7 in Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Trans-Mississippi South in Arkansas and Louisiana (Arkansas Archeological Survey, 1989), printed pp. 183, 188 (physical PDF pp. 195, 200)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-1386359f433a3c0a7db8",
  "name": "Land gains by Gautamiputra in the book.",
  "place_and_era": "The book places this claim in ancient South Asia. The list of nine regions shows the scope of royal rule. It does not date each land gain.",
  "attested": "The book says Gautamiputra took lands from the Kshaharata house. The royal praise claims he uprooted that house and restored rule. The author infers that he seized lands of the former house.\n\nSenart prints the same praise in the Nasik edition. Both works draw on the same royal text.",
  "unknown": "Royal praise does not prove that he killed or drove out all the people it names. Coins that bear new stamps do not prove he killed Nahapana. The list does not show nine gains at one time. The effects on residents and the exact dates remain unknown.",
  "next_step": "Keep the field grant at Nasik distinct from the reported loss of a rival domain. Test any link. Do not assume that war emptied the field. Keep wider overlap open.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf",
    "https://whatisindia.com/inscriptions/epigraphica_indica/vol8_1905-1906/senart.html"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, English translation by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar, 1920, Chapter II, printed pp. 23–25 (physical PDF pp. 27–29; core p. 23 / physical 27). One regional synthesis; nested royal claims and cited editions are not separate witnesses.",
    "E. Senart, The Inscriptions in the Caves at Nasik, Epigraphia Indica VIII (volume label 1905–1906), inscription 2, electronic continuations 2–6, translation on 3–4. Previously accepted electronic edition reading; printed pagination and exact imprint not independently established. Same underlying Nasik royal praise, not another witness."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-19a86a37e7bdf2ba9812",
  "name": "Possible moves from Cairo to Nodena",
  "place_and_era": "The Cairo Lowland and northeast Arkansas. The report places these changes around 1350 to 1400. These are broad source dates.",
  "attested": "The report describes a decline in homes near Cairo and more homes near Nodena. It cites a view that people moved between these areas.",
  "unknown": "The people, cause and terms of the move remain unclear. Similar dates do not prove that the same group moved between these places.",
  "next_step": "Study the proposed Cairo move and Nodena homes. Keep both the departure and the new homes in view.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archeology.uark.edu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/RS37_acc.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Marvin D. Jeter and G. Ishmael Williams, Jr., Chapter 7 in Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Trans-Mississippi South in Arkansas and Louisiana (Arkansas Archeological Survey, 1989), printed pp. 171, 181, 182, 188 (physical PDF pp. 183, 193, 194, 200)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-34802ea85ddd6285943a",
  "name": "Town control and captives at Quigaute",
  "place_and_era": "The account names Quigaute town and nearby places. Earlier and later chapters give dates in 1541 and 1542. The exact year and modern locations remain unverified.",
  "attested": "The expedition under Soto lodged in half of Quigaute town. Soto demanded men for service. When they did not come, he sent parties that took men and women.\n\nHe gave an order to burn the other half of the town. The passage does not say that anyone carried out the order. Soto later left the chief in his town.",
  "unknown": "The passage does not confirm a fire or its extent. The effects on each home and resident remain unclear. The identity and overlap of the capture groups remain unclear. The fate of captives and later land control remain unknown.",
  "next_step": "Trace each capture group and the terms of service. Keep actual town use separate from the order to burn. Do not assume that gifts meant free consent.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/The_discovery_and_conquest_of_Terra_Florida_by_Don_Ferdinando_de_Soto_and_six_hundred_Spaniards%2C_his_followers_%28IA_discoveryconques00ryewrich%29.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Elvas narrative, Richard Hakluyt English translation (reprinted from 1611), William B. Rye (ed.), Hakluyt Society, London, 1851; printed pp. 103–105 (physical PDF pp. 181–183). One translated narrative family; original Portuguese and separate cited works not independently consulted."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-3da69aa54b44d8aab55b",
  "name": "Salt access at Avery Island",
  "place_and_era": "Avery Island and proposed salt sources nearer the Mississippi Valley. The report gives no settled date for an access loss.",
  "attested": "The report links salt pans at Avery Island to people from the valley. It cites a view that other groups controlled nearer salt sources. In this view, that control forced a longer trip.",
  "unknown": "The report does not establish an actual ban or name the groups in control. The users, nearer sources and terms of access remain unclear.",
  "next_step": "Study the salt sources and their users. Ask whether anyone lost access. Keep travel and trade as other possible explanations.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archeology.uark.edu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/RS37_acc.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Marvin D. Jeter and G. Ishmael Williams, Jr., Chapter 7 in Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Trans-Mississippi South in Arkansas and Louisiana (Arkansas Archeological Survey, 1989), printed pp. 191, 192 (physical PDF pp. 203, 204)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-5490ac82e45f482a1904",
  "name": "War and homes near Parkin",
  "place_and_era": "Parkin and Nodena lie in northeast Arkansas. The report describes late prehistoric homes. It notes possible contact with De Soto in 1541. That date does not date one forced move.",
  "attested": "The report describes fortified villages near Parkin. Surveys found no isolated farms there. The report cites accounts of war between Casqui and Pacaha. It proposes a link between the war and the pattern of homes.",
  "unknown": "The links from Parkin to Casqui and Nodena to Pacaha remain uncertain. The source does not establish one attack or forced loss of homes.",
  "next_step": "Compare the farm and village evidence with the war account. Keep the proposed group links clear.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archeology.uark.edu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/RS37_acc.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Marvin D. Jeter and G. Ishmael Williams, Jr., Chapter 7 in Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Trans-Mississippi South in Arkansas and Louisiana (Arkansas Archeological Survey, 1989), printed pp. 186, 187, 188 (physical PDF pp. 198, 199, 200)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-612eb37a4df8d5731484",
  "name": "Hanna and control of trade",
  "place_and_era": "Hanna and nearby ceremonial centers in the Caddoan area. The report does not date one loss of access.",
  "attested": "The report compares few imported goods at Hanna with rich finds at some centers. It cites a view that elites controlled trade and kept these goods. In this view, the goods did not reach the wider community.",
  "unknown": "The difference in goods does not establish one act of exclusion. The users, routes and changes in access remain unclear.",
  "next_step": "Study the Hanna trade argument and the finds behind it. Ask who used the routes and who obtained the goods.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archeology.uark.edu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/RS37_acc.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Marvin D. Jeter and G. Ishmael Williams, Jr., Chapter 7 in Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Trans-Mississippi South in Arkansas and Louisiana (Arkansas Archeological Survey, 1989), printed pp. 205 (physical PDF pp. 217)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-aac3a0829480867c6228",
  "name": "Flight and town occupation at Pacaha",
  "place_and_era": "The account names the town of Pacaha and an island refuge. Earlier and later chapters give dates in 1541 and 1542. The exact year and modern locations remain unverified.",
  "attested": "The Elvas account reports flight from Pacaha. Soto led the expedition that occupied the town and used its goods and fishery. People from Casqui joined the pursuit.\n\nThe account reports captures and drownings at an island refuge. The chief later came to meet Soto. Soto ordered the release of the brother of the Pacaha chief and other principal prisoners.",
  "unknown": "The link between the town and refuge groups remains unclear. Death and displacement totals remain unknown. The account does not say that all captives went free. Later residence and land rights remain unclear.",
  "next_step": "Keep the later raid against Casqui separate. Compare this account with the Parkin and Nodena lead. Keep the possible overlap open.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/The_discovery_and_conquest_of_Terra_Florida_by_Don_Ferdinando_de_Soto_and_six_hundred_Spaniards%2C_his_followers_%28IA_discoveryconques00ryewrich%29.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Elvas narrative, Richard Hakluyt English translation (reprinted from 1611), William B. Rye (ed.), Hakluyt Society, London, 1851; printed pp. 97–103 (physical PDF pp. 175–181). One translated narrative family; original Portuguese and separate cited works not independently consulted."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-acf25e2a5efe48a6516d",
  "name": "Possible control of coastal water routes",
  "place_and_era": "Coastal settlements in Louisiana. The date and place of any imposed loss remain unclear.",
  "attested": "The report cites Saucier on coastal villages. He proposes that major villages controlled water travel. The report does not give field evidence to confirm this view.",
  "unknown": "The users, rules and effect on access remain unclear. A major village does not by itself prove that people lost use of a water route.",
  "next_step": "Compare the route control model with the field evidence. Keep local land and food use, seasonal moves and trade in view.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archeology.uark.edu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/RS37_acc.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Marvin D. Jeter and G. Ishmael Williams, Jr., Chapter 7 in Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Trans-Mississippi South in Arkansas and Louisiana (Arkansas Archeological Survey, 1989), printed pp. 192, 193 (physical PDF pp. 204, 205)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-c2cfde3c14c805fcdd07",
  "name": "Earlier moves from the river levees",
  "place_and_era": "The Lower Ouachita. The report places the proposed shift between about 1200 and 1400. These are broad source dates.",
  "attested": "The report cites a view that homes shifted away from river levees. In this view, people moved toward tributaries and backswamps. The report also describes growth in Catahoula.",
  "unknown": "The cause and people remain unclear. The report does not name anyone who forced the move. River changes and gaps in surveys are other possible explanations.",
  "next_step": "Study the levee and tributary sites. Keep this earlier shift apart from later homes near the river junctions.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archeology.uark.edu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/RS37_acc.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Marvin D. Jeter and G. Ishmael Williams, Jr., Chapter 7 in Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Trans-Mississippi South in Arkansas and Louisiana (Arkansas Archeological Survey, 1989), printed pp. 213, 214, 215 (physical PDF pp. 225, 226, 227)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-c8cdbebeec3e35e9a2ba",
  "name": "Change and continued homes in the Tensas Basin",
  "place_and_era": "The northern and southern Tensas Basin. The report places change near Transylvania around 1500 or 1550. Those dates mark a proposed sequence.",
  "attested": "The report says Mississippian culture spread into the northern basin. It calls this the Transylvania phase. Fitzhugh use continued farther south. Mixed phases came later.",
  "unknown": "Cultural change does not prove that new people forced residents out. The report does not establish one loss across the whole basin.",
  "next_step": "Compare northern change with continued homes in the south. Keep the later mixed phases distinct.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archeology.uark.edu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/RS37_acc.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Marvin D. Jeter and G. Ishmael Williams, Jr., Chapter 7 in Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Trans-Mississippi South in Arkansas and Louisiana (Arkansas Archeological Survey, 1989), printed pp. 184, 209, 211, 212 (physical PDF pp. 196, 221, 223, 224)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-ddf19d5001881c0daa86",
  "name": "An arrival theory and earlier homes",
  "place_and_era": "Southeast Arkansas. The report discusses the Bartholomew phase. It does not give settled dates for a known move.",
  "attested": "The report describes a view that people arrived from Tensas or the Ouachita. That view relied on an area thought empty. Later study found earlier Plum Bayou occupation.",
  "unknown": "Earlier homes weaken the claim of empty land. They do not prove that no one arrived. Pottery groups do not settle who lived there.",
  "next_step": "Compare the arrival theory with the earlier sites. Retain both the movement question and the evidence of earlier homes.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archeology.uark.edu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/RS37_acc.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Marvin D. Jeter and G. Ishmael Williams, Jr., Chapter 7 in Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Trans-Mississippi South in Arkansas and Louisiana (Arkansas Archeological Survey, 1989), printed pp. 209, 210 (physical PDF pp. 221, 222)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-e4cbb1276b4bf259cf37",
  "name": "A claim of retainer sacrifice",
  "place_and_era": "Mounds Plantation and a separate inland Plaquemine discussion. The report does not date a land or home loss for these claims.",
  "attested": "The report cites a view that some Mounds Plantation burials involved retainer sacrifice. It also describes this practice in inland Plaquemine elite burials. It gives no coastal evidence for that practice.",
  "unknown": "The burial counts do not show how many people died by sacrifice. The report does not establish one land or home loss from these claims. These passages do not describe one shared group.",
  "next_step": "Study the grave evidence and the sacrifice argument. Keep each place and practice distinct. Do not treat every burial as a sacrifice.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archeology.uark.edu/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/RS37_acc.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Marvin D. Jeter and G. Ishmael Williams, Jr., Chapter 7 in Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Trans-Mississippi South in Arkansas and Louisiana (Arkansas Archeological Survey, 1989), printed pp. 204, 219, 220 (physical PDF pp. 216, 231, 232)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-f3c7909420c93e7d7baf",
  "name": "The inscription claims land gains by Rudradaman.",
  "place_and_era": "The book lists four regions. The fuller inscription names more lands in ancient South Asia. Some names come from restored text.",
  "attested": "Kielhorn translates the inscription as a claim that Rudradaman gained lordship over lands by his own valour. The text includes towns, markets, rural areas and subjects.\n\nIt says he destroyed the Yaudheyas by force. It also says he twice defeated Satakarni but spared him due to kinship. It says he put deposed kings back in power.",
  "unknown": "The text does not establish one campaign or a date for each land gain. The storm date and an estimated date for the text do not date the battles. The identity of Satakarni, prior rulers, resident fates and the scale of harm remain unclear.\n\nFor the dam work, the text denies a burden of forced labour. The tentative sense of one term does not prove a forced levy for that work.",
  "next_step": "Keep the land gains, the defeats and the return of kings to power distinct. Test their links. Do not assume one campaign. Keep wider overlap open.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf",
    "https://www.discoveringbuddha.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/1905-Junagadh-Rock-Inscription-of-Rudradaman-Kielhorn-EI-Vol-8.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, English translation by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar, 1920, Chapter II, printed pp. 42–43 (physical PDF pp. 46–47), with reconstruction limits on pp. 43–44 (physical 47–48). One regional synthesis; nested royal claims and cited editions are not separate witnesses.",
    "F. Kielhorn, edition of Rudradaman’s Junagadh inscription, Epigraphia Indica VIII (bibliographic volume label 1905–1906), printed pp. 36–49, with a plate (physical PDF pp. 1–15). Acquired lordship: pp. 41, 44 line 11 and note 1, 47 (PDF 6, 9, 13); military and spared-rival claims: pp. 44, 47–48 (PDF 9, 13–14). Same inscription as the book’s mediated claim; no new historical witness."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-05143e1b2c53c884bfbc",
  "name": "The Cola campaign and claimed benefits",
  "place_and_era": "The verses name Colas, Keralas, Pandyas and the Kaveri. No event year or route is set.",
  "attested": "One verse says the ruler strove to conquer the Colas. The next claims benefits for Colas, Keralas and Pandyas against the Pallava army.",
  "unknown": "A completed land gain is not stated. The peoples said to benefit and the Pallava army are distinct. The event boundaries remain open.",
  "next_step": "Keep the intent, operation and claimed benefits separate before you define a case.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf",
    "https://dharmalekha.info/texts/INSBadamiCalukya00005"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VII, printed pp. 113, 114 (physical PDF pp. 117, 118).",
    "Dániel Balogh (digital editor), DHARMA, Aihole temple foundation of Ravikirti of the time of Pulakesin II; reproduced Kielhorn (1900–1901) English translation and notes, verse(s) 30, 31."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-090f4eb7880cab4efce7",
  "name": "Ganga and Alupa lords at court",
  "place_and_era": "The verse names Ganga and Alupa lords. No event year or tract boundary is set.",
  "attested": "The verse praises their regular attendance on the ruler and their submission to his dignity.",
  "unknown": "It does not state conquest by force, a grant or removal of residents. The number of distinct events is not set.",
  "next_step": "Assess the control relation. Court attendance alone does not prove forced removal.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf",
    "https://dharmalekha.info/texts/INSBadamiCalukya00005"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VII, printed pp. 113, 114 (physical PDF pp. 117, 118).",
    "Dániel Balogh (digital editor), DHARMA, Aihole temple foundation of Ravikirti of the time of Pulakesin II; reproduced Kielhorn (1900–1901) English translation and notes, verse(s) 19."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-0a8b6510865e3a523de4",
  "name": "Lata, Malava and Gurjara submission claims",
  "place_and_era": "The verse names these three groups. No event year or tract boundary is set.",
  "attested": "The verse describes submission. Its note calls their submission voluntary and contrasts force used against others. Chapter V says Pulakesin II vanquished Lata, Gujarat and Malwa.",
  "unknown": "A dispute about the text affects that contrast. Force or loss of rights cannot be assigned to all three from the comparison. That stronger book summary does not resolve the dispute about voluntary and forced submission. The summaries use different names: Gujarat and Gurjara.",
  "next_step": "Keep the disputed sense visible. Assess each bounded outcome before you define a case. Keep both attributions and the number of episodes open.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf",
    "https://dharmalekha.info/texts/INSBadamiCalukya00005"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VII, printed pp. 113, 114 (physical PDF pp. 117, 118). | G. Jouveau-Dubreuil (1920), Ancient History of the Deccan. English translation by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar. Chapter V, The dynasties of Western Deccan. Printed p. 82; PDF p. 86.",
    "Dániel Balogh (digital editor), DHARMA, Aihole temple foundation of Ravikirti of the time of Pulakesin II; reproduced Kielhorn (1900–1901) English translation and notes, verse(s) 22."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-10d904a12fed81c03201",
  "name": "Pulakesin I at Vatapi",
  "place_and_era": "The sources name Vatapi. No event year or boundary is set.",
  "attested": "The book says Pulakesin I set himself up at Vatapi. The verse calls the city his bride.",
  "unknown": "How he gained control and what happened to earlier users are not clear. The bride is a figure of speech.",
  "next_step": "Assess how control changed. Keep the separate proposal about northern Kadamba lands.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf",
    "https://dharmalekha.info/texts/INSBadamiCalukya00005"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VII, printed pp. 98, 102, 111 (physical PDF pp. 102, 106, 115).",
    "Dániel Balogh (digital editor), DHARMA, Aihole temple foundation of Ravikirti of the time of Pulakesin II; reproduced Kielhorn (1900–1901) English translation and notes, verse(s) 7."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-127fa0cfcd1791a76ddc",
  "name": "Enemy pressure at two Chaco villages.",
  "place_and_era": "The sites are Pueblo Bonito and Pueblo del Arroyo. They are in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. The report does not give firm dates for the attacks or departures.",
  "attested": "The report says enemy pressure and poor crops helped cause people to leave both villages. At Bonito, it describes missiles from a cliff and changes to walls and doors for defense.",
  "unknown": "The report does not tie the two departures to one event or date. Who attacked, how people left, and where they went remain unknown.",
  "next_step": "Ask how hostile pressure affected each village and how it related to the loss of homes. Keep reuse of stone and the unfinished site apart from forced loss.",
  "sources": [
    "https://archive.org/download/explorationsfiel192426smit/explorationsfiel192426smit.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Archeological Investigations in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, attributed to Neil M. Judd, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 78(7), 1927, pp. 158–168 (PDF pp. 468–478), especially p. 161 fig. 161 and pp. 162–163."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-168f4d24e70775ebcc92",
  "name": "Military pressure at Kancipura",
  "place_and_era": "The verse refers to the walls of Kancipura. No event year or route is set.",
  "attested": "The verse describes military pressure on Pallava power in relation to the city walls.",
  "unknown": "Notes dispute the text and retreat image. No supplied version explicitly states capture of the city.",
  "next_step": "Assess the pressure and control outcome. A disputed text does not prove that a city was taken.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf",
    "https://dharmalekha.info/texts/INSBadamiCalukya00005"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VII, printed pp. 113, 114 (physical PDF pp. 117, 118).",
    "Dániel Balogh (digital editor), DHARMA, Aihole temple foundation of Ravikirti of the time of Pulakesin II; reproduced Kielhorn (1900–1901) English translation and notes, verse(s) 29."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-34dd60fedae0fc6e25ed",
  "name": "The naval siege of Puri",
  "place_and_era": "The verse names Puri. No modern town, event year or boundary is set.",
  "attested": "The verse reports a siege of Puri from the sea.",
  "unknown": "Capture and residents' fate are not stated. The town is not linked to another Puri by its name alone.",
  "next_step": "Assess what happened at the besieged place. Keep modern location and completed capture unresolved.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf",
    "https://dharmalekha.info/texts/INSBadamiCalukya00005"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VII, printed pp. 113, 114 (physical PDF pp. 117, 118).",
    "Dániel Balogh (digital editor), DHARMA, Aihole temple foundation of Ravikirti of the time of Pulakesin II; reproduced Kielhorn (1900–1901) English translation and notes, verse(s) 21."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-3e37e5cba88cd9569fbe",
  "name": "The appended Aihole temple possession passage",
  "place_and_era": "The appended lines name places and a field. Their phase, event year and full boundaries are not set.",
  "attested": "One translation lists land as the possession of the god. Another account suggests village revenue for the temple.",
  "unknown": "The phase, ruler and parts of the boundaries are uncertain. No eviction or loss of earlier rights is stated.",
  "next_step": "Assess this separate land or revenue act. Use appended lines 18-19, not poem stanzas 18 and 19.",
  "sources": [
    "https://dharmalekha.info/texts/INSBadamiCalukya00005"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Dániel Balogh (digital editor), DHARMA, Aihole temple foundation of Ravikirti of the time of Pulakesin II; reproduced Kielhorn summary and Fleet (1879) excerpt, appended physical/inscriptional lines 18–19, not poem stanzas; phase and attribution uncertain."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-3f412998c3ae10a80d24",
  "name": "The conquest linked to the Eastern Chalukya kingdom",
  "place_and_era": "The book names Telugu country and three districts. Its event year and exact boundary are not set.",
  "attested": "The book links conquest of this land to the new kingdom. Its family tree names Kubja-Vishnuvardhana as founder. Chapter VI says Pulakesin II ended the earlier dynasty and annexed Vengi.",
  "unknown": "The passage does not state how the kingdom was set up or what happened to residents. Whether it includes the seizure at Pishtapura is not clear. The older gloss names Godavari, Krishna and Guntur. Chapter III names Guntur and Nellore. It also says Kanchi held after Pullalur. Those claims need not have one extent.",
  "next_step": "Assess the land change and the link to Pishtapura. Do not count one conquest twice. Retain both district lists and the defended Kanchi account.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VII, printed pp. 111, 113 (physical PDF pp. 115, 117). | G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VI, printed pp. 92 (physical PDF pp. 96). Vengi annexation and the end of Vishnukundin rule. | G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter III, printed p. 69 (physical PDF p. 73). Defended Kanchi and Guntur/Nellore loss."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-7a4def3f11127cc3a8db",
  "name": "The victory lists of Kirtivarman",
  "place_and_era": "The sources name several opponents and lands. No common event year or boundary is set.",
  "attested": "The book and translated verse praise victories over named rulers. They name Nalas, Mauryas and Kadambas.",
  "unknown": "A list does not show a separate case for each name. Specific outcomes remain open.",
  "next_step": "Resolve each act and its outcome before a case split. Keep each named lead visible.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf",
    "https://dharmalekha.info/texts/INSBadamiCalukya00005"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VII, printed pp. 112 (physical PDF pp. 116).",
    "Dániel Balogh (digital editor), DHARMA, Aihole temple foundation of Ravikirti of the time of Pulakesin II; reproduced Kielhorn (1900–1901) English translation and notes, verse(s) 9, 10."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-7bcd9c73b047898e1e56",
  "name": "The proposed loss of northern Kadamba lands",
  "place_and_era": "The book discusses Vatapi, Palasika and northern Kadamba lands. No event year is set.",
  "attested": "The book infers loss of northern Kadamba lands from the position of Vatapi.",
  "unknown": "This is an inference by the author. It does not show a specific defeat or a forced departure.",
  "next_step": "Test the proposed loss of control. A gap in later records does not prove that people left.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VII, printed pp. 98, 102, 111 (physical PDF pp. 102, 106, 115)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-840bc5f323d81cff2e92",
  "name": "The reported installation of Madhava",
  "place_and_era": "The book discusses Ganga and Pallava rule. No event year or tract boundary is set.",
  "attested": "The book reports that a Pallava ruler placed Madhava, the son of Ayyavarman, on his throne.",
  "unknown": "Its effect on earlier rights is not clear. This is a different act from the Paruvi land grant.",
  "next_step": "Assess the installation and control outcome. Keep the grant and disputed family history separate.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VII, printed pp. 105, 108 (physical PDF pp. 109, 112)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-8e850ecc0b372805117e",
  "name": "The siege of Banavasi",
  "place_and_era": "The verse names Banavasi beside the Varada. No event year or modern boundary is set.",
  "attested": "The verse reports a siege of Banavasi and an army around its fort.",
  "unknown": "Capture and departure of residents are not stated. The sea-of-army image is not an actual flood.",
  "next_step": "Assess the effect on control, access or residence. Do not infer capture or evacuation from siege alone.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf",
    "https://dharmalekha.info/texts/INSBadamiCalukya00005"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VII, printed pp. 103, 113, 114 (physical PDF pp. 107, 117, 118).",
    "Dániel Balogh (digital editor), DHARMA, Aihole temple foundation of Ravikirti of the time of Pulakesin II; reproduced Kielhorn (1900–1901) English translation and notes, verse(s) 18."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-9068c0049d40ea527081",
  "name": "The reported Pallava devastation",
  "place_and_era": "The book cites the Anaji inscription. The tract and event year are not set.",
  "attested": "The book reports that Pallavas left the country in ruin.",
  "unknown": "What the ruin meant for homes, land and people is not clear. There is no known measure of its extent.",
  "next_step": "Assess the reported damage and its land outcome. Unknown extent does not mean no harm.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VII, printed pp. 103 (physical PDF pp. 107)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-999bb2b3224d71149b30",
  "name": "Mangalesa loses his kingdom and life",
  "place_and_era": "The sources describe a dispute over rule. No event year or measured tract is set.",
  "attested": "The translated verse reports that Mangalesa lost his kingdom and life in the struggle over succession.",
  "unknown": "The method, the fate of residents and the full tract are unknown. A separate resolve to go into exile is not proof of a completed move.",
  "next_step": "Assess the bounded loss of rule. Keep the text on proposed exile and the other acts of Mangalesa separate.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf",
    "https://dharmalekha.info/texts/INSBadamiCalukya00005"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VII, printed pp. 113 (physical PDF pp. 117).",
    "Dániel Balogh (digital editor), DHARMA, Aihole temple foundation of Ravikirti of the time of Pulakesin II; reproduced Kielhorn (1900–1901) English translation and notes, verse(s) 14, 15, 16."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-9d275de596d86b1e9301",
  "name": "The proposed later Ganga occupation",
  "place_and_era": "The book discusses later Ganga rule. No event year or tract boundary is set.",
  "attested": "The book proposes a later Ganga occupation from the Polavira Tagare plates.",
  "unknown": "The place, sequence and kind of control need assessment. This is not a proved continuation of an earlier war.",
  "next_step": "Assess this separate proposed change of control. Keep the inference by the author visible.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VII, printed pp. 103 (physical PDF pp. 107)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-aa9b06e77fd1eef4f08f",
  "name": "Reported victory of Prithivishena in Kuntala",
  "place_and_era": "The book names Kuntala. No event year is set.",
  "attested": "The book reports a victory over the king of Kuntala.",
  "unknown": "The book proposes Kangavarman as the defeated king. The effect on land and residents is not clear.",
  "next_step": "Assess the outcome for control or residence. Keep the proposed name of the king distinct from the victory claim.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VII, printed pp. 99, 100 (physical PDF pp. 103, 104)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-ba7442e83c5516faca06",
  "name": "The claim to rule three Maharashtrakas",
  "place_and_era": "The verse names three Maharashtrakas. No measured boundary or event year is set.",
  "attested": "The translated verse claims that the ruler gained rule over these lands.",
  "unknown": "The way control changed and the effect on residents are unknown. The village figure in the source is not a measured count of harm.",
  "next_step": "Assess the claimed gain of control. Do not make one case per village or require civilian eviction.",
  "sources": [
    "https://dharmalekha.info/texts/INSBadamiCalukya00005"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Dániel Balogh (digital editor), DHARMA, Aihole temple foundation of Ravikirti of the time of Pulakesin II; reproduced Kielhorn (1900–1901) English translation and notes, verse(s) 25."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-c0eced2e3d662e4e0500",
  "name": "Bhogivarman: a reported gain of a kingdom",
  "place_and_era": "The book discusses the kingdom of Bhogivarman. Its full extent and event year are not set.",
  "attested": "The book reports that Bhogivarman gained a large kingdom by force.",
  "unknown": "The earlier holders, full tract and fate of residents remain unknown. This does not prove the end of a whole people.",
  "next_step": "Assess the reported change of control. No death count or proof of civilian eviction is required.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VII, printed pp. 103 (physical PDF pp. 107)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-cdaa12296c732e17ba3d",
  "name": "The reported installation of Ayyavarman",
  "place_and_era": "The book discusses Ganga and Pallava rule. No event year or tract boundary is set.",
  "attested": "The book reports that a Pallava ruler placed Ayyavarman on his throne.",
  "unknown": "The ceremony alone does not show forced loss of land rights or residence.",
  "next_step": "Assess the control relation and any imposed change in rights. Do not treat the ceremony alone as displacement.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VII, printed pp. 105, 108 (physical PDF pp. 109, 112)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-ded93a9774311b96aeb0",
  "name": "Defeat of the Konkan Mauryas",
  "place_and_era": "The verse names Mauryas in the Konkanas. No event year or boundary is set.",
  "attested": "The verse praises a military defeat of the Mauryas by forces of the ruler.",
  "unknown": "It does not establish the fate of all Maurya subjects. A shared name does not link all Maurya groups.",
  "next_step": "Assess the bounded control or residence outcome. Keep the praise and population limits clear.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf",
    "https://dharmalekha.info/texts/INSBadamiCalukya00005"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VII, printed pp. 113, 114 (physical PDF pp. 117, 118).",
    "Dániel Balogh (digital editor), DHARMA, Aihole temple foundation of Ravikirti of the time of Pulakesin II; reproduced Kielhorn (1900–1901) English translation and notes, verse(s) 20."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-e9fe554fa59957755a25",
  "name": "Appayika and Govinda: different outcomes",
  "place_and_era": "The verse names land north of Bhaimarathi. No event year or boundary is set.",
  "attested": "The verse describes two leaders who came to conquer. It gives fear in battle to one and reward for service to the other.",
  "unknown": "The English text does not fix which name has which outcome. The book makes a stronger choice. No completed conquest is stated.",
  "next_step": "Keep the outcomes and texts distinct. Assess any loss of land or residence before you divide events.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf",
    "https://dharmalekha.info/texts/INSBadamiCalukya00005"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VII, printed pp. 113, 114 (physical PDF pp. 117, 118).",
    "Dániel Balogh (digital editor), DHARMA, Aihole temple foundation of Ravikirti of the time of Pulakesin II; reproduced Kielhorn (1900–1901) English translation and notes, verse(s) 17."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-ea7cfee67bac06ea7feb",
  "name": "The Harsha battle and its land outcome",
  "place_and_era": "The translated verse names Harsha. No event year or tract boundary is set.",
  "attested": "The verse names Harsha in a battle account with fear and fallen elephants.",
  "unknown": "It does not state a civilian death count or territorial annexation. The earlier name correction is already settled.",
  "next_step": "Assess any bounded land or residence loss from the battle. Do not repeat the closed name check.",
  "sources": [
    "https://dharmalekha.info/texts/INSBadamiCalukya00005",
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Dániel Balogh (digital editor), DHARMA, Aihole temple foundation of Ravikirti of the time of Pulakesin II; reproduced Kielhorn (1900–1901) English translation and notes, verse(s) 23.",
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VII, printed pp. 113 (physical PDF pp. 117). Its Harsha-absence claim is corrected by the separately cited verse 23; it is not positive battle wording."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-f82fa1dcc91b79a9aa9e",
  "name": "The lethal battle at Kunala",
  "place_and_era": "The verse names Kunala. Its modern identity, boundary and event year are not set.",
  "attested": "The verse describes men killed with weapons at Kunala and blood in the water.",
  "unknown": "There is no known death count or civilian status. The land outcome and proposed modern place remain open.",
  "next_step": "Assess the land or residence outcome of the battle. Keep the lethal claim and unknown extent visible.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf",
    "https://dharmalekha.info/texts/INSBadamiCalukya00005"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VII, printed pp. 113, 114 (physical PDF pp. 117, 118).",
    "Dániel Balogh (digital editor), DHARMA, Aihole temple foundation of Ravikirti of the time of Pulakesin II; reproduced Kielhorn (1900–1901) English translation and notes, verse(s) 28."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-fea2877d9f1db666c327",
  "name": "The proposed defeat of Krishnavarman II",
  "place_and_era": "The book discusses Kadamba rule. No event year or tract boundary is set.",
  "attested": "The book proposes Krishnavarman II as the ruler defeated by Kirtivarman.",
  "unknown": "The identity of the defeated ruler and the effect on control remain open. Other wars and later gains are separate questions.",
  "next_step": "Assess this proposed defeat and its outcome. Do not merge the separate changes of rule.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VII, printed pp. 103 (physical PDF pp. 107)."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-1a1a528e4c9366d1aec9",
  "name": "Reported expulsion from the Lanier valley",
  "place_and_era": "The diary names the Lanier valley. Its entry is from November 1917. It gives no date for the expulsion.",
  "attested": "Hutton recalls an earlier expulsion of people he calls Kukis. He also reports orders that barred their return.",
  "unknown": "The entry gives no date, destination or number of people expelled. It does not identify which later returners were among them.",
  "next_step": "Assess the expulsion and return ban as one reported process. Keep later settlement and the threat of another eviction separate.",
  "sources": [
    "https://wwwe.lib.cam.ac.uk/nagas/record/r72034.html"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "J. H. Hutton, tour-diary entry of 16 November 1917, Cambridge record R72034, Lapvomi paragraph: retrospective expulsion and prohibited-return assertion; final paragraph: orders dated 1910. Hosted transcript; original manuscript not checked."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-64ba492726b35938c70e",
  "name": "A report of looting at Tsukemi",
  "place_and_era": "The diary names Tsukemi. It places the looting in the year before its November 1917 entry.",
  "attested": "Hutton says a party from the Somra tract looted Tsukemi.",
  "unknown": "The entry does not state whether residents left, lost their homes or lost control of land.",
  "next_step": "Look for an account of what happened to residents and their homes. Looting alone does not establish a forced move.",
  "sources": [
    "https://wwwe.lib.cam.ac.uk/nagas/record/r72034.html"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "J. H. Hutton, tour-diary entry of 16 November 1917, Cambridge record R72034, First prose paragraph: prior looting of Tsukemi, placed in the year before the diary entry. Hosted transcript; original manuscript not checked."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-c2fa2c9dac994d51949a",
  "name": "Amjapao's reported search for a village site",
  "place_and_era": "The diary names Phozami and the Lanier valley. Its entry is from November 1917. It puts the visit about a week earlier.",
  "attested": "The diary reports a visit to choose a village site. It attributes to Amjapao a plan to return and a wish to avoid wartime service.",
  "unknown": "The entry does not show a later move, a completed settlement or an actual forced journey. It does not link this party to the returners near Aishan.",
  "next_step": "Examine the later outcome of the visit and reported plan. Keep a reported motive distinct from an act of forced removal.",
  "sources": [
    "https://wwwe.lib.cam.ac.uk/nagas/record/r72034.html"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "J. H. Hutton, tour-diary entry of 16 November 1917, Cambridge record R72034, Amjapao paragraph: reported Phozami site visit, attributed plan and objection to wartime service. Hosted transcript; original manuscript not checked."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-ec5f5d72f9fbf503c22a",
  "name": "Reported armed return near Aishan",
  "place_and_era": "People from Lapvomi claim a site near Aishan. The complaint is from November 1917. It gives no date for the move.",
  "attested": "People from Lapvomi report armed returners from Manipur on land they claimed. They say they lack the power to remove the group.",
  "unknown": "The diary does not settle who owned the land or who lived at the site before the return. It does not say whether Lapvomi residents left.",
  "next_step": "Assess the reported use and control of the site. Keep this return separate from the earlier expulsion and any later eviction.",
  "sources": [
    "https://wwwe.lib.cam.ac.uk/nagas/record/r72034.html"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "J. H. Hutton, tour-diary entry of 16 November 1917, Cambridge record R72034, Lapvomi paragraph: reported return from Manipur to a site near Aishan and inability to eject the armed group. Hosted transcript; original manuscript not checked."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-1aea5371703e5c1dfa92",
  "name": "Forced moves from Chukotka villages",
  "place_and_era": "Southeastern Chukotka. The scan gives an unclear start year in the 1950s. The reported range ends in 1959. The destination was Novo-Chaplino.",
  "attested": "Vakhtin reports enforced moves from Unazik, Kivak, Avan, Siklyuk and other villages. Former villages ceased to exist.",
  "unknown": "The report gives no full count or dates for each village. A later account of unemployment refers to 1989.",
  "next_step": "Assess the move and the loss of access to sea mammals. Keep the later unemployment account separate.",
  "sources": [
    "https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED354117.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Nikolai Vakhtin, Native Peoples of the Russian Far North (Minority Rights Group, August 1992), printed19 / physical20, right paragraphs2–3; note66. One report; the cited original works remain unread."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-1ed99c2939c92c91fd00",
  "name": "Saami village moves",
  "place_and_era": "Lovozero district, European northern Russia. The report quotes an account from 1988. The move dates remain unclear.",
  "attested": "Vakhtin reports the merger of six villages. An onlooker describes arrivals from Varzino without prepared homes and years in crowded homes.",
  "unknown": "The account does not name all six villages or the destination. The quoted household experience is not a total for everyone moved.",
  "next_step": "Assess the local moves and the Varzino account together. Route this question to Europe.",
  "sources": [
    "https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED354117.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Nikolai Vakhtin, Native Peoples of the Russian Far North (Minority Rights Group, August 1992), printed19 / physical20, right paragraph4 and quotation; note67. One report; the cited original works remain unread."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-3e049d34b928cb9fde6c",
  "name": "Khant village closures and moves",
  "place_and_era": "The report places these Khant villages in the Russian North. It links the moves to the 1950s and 1960s campaign.",
  "attested": "Vakhtin reports that officials closed farms and village services. Residents moved to larger settlements without support for their former way of life.",
  "unknown": "The report gives no full list of villages, destinations or people moved. Dates for each village remain unclear.",
  "next_step": "Assess the closures and compelled moves. Keep the affected villages distinct from all Khant communities.",
  "sources": [
    "https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED354117.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Nikolai Vakhtin, Native Peoples of the Russian Far North (Minority Rights Group, August 1992), printed19 / physical20, left paragraphs2–4; note64. One report; the cited original works remain unread."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-46c80c272ee417249dfd",
  "name": "Compulsory stays at schools in the Russian North",
  "place_and_era": "The Russian Far North. The chapter covers 1941 to 1985, but gives no full date range for the school programme.",
  "attested": "Vakhtin reports compulsory stays at schools for children from settled communities. These included children whose parents lived in the same village.",
  "unknown": "The report gives no full list of schools, children or dates. It also reports a recent change towards ordinary day schools.",
  "next_step": "Assess the compelled separation from family homes. Keep school access, later returns and the change to day schools distinct.",
  "sources": [
    "https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED354117.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Nikolai Vakhtin, Native Peoples of the Russian Far North (Minority Rights Group, August 1992), printed22–23 / physical22–23, Boarding-School System through page23 opening; no chapter footnote. One report; the cited original works remain unread."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-49ae5b2ac89457d3daeb",
  "name": "A ban on subsistence hunts in Tyumen",
  "place_and_era": "Tyumen Oblast. The report places the ban in 1986 to 1987.",
  "attested": "Vakhtin reports that the local executive committee banned hunts except state commercial hunts. He links this rule to harm to Khant subsistence.",
  "unknown": "The report does not establish where and how officials enforced each restriction. It does not assert a residence move.",
  "next_step": "Assess the ban and its effect on access. Keep a prohibited use distinct from a transfer of land.",
  "sources": [
    "https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED354117.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Nikolai Vakhtin, Native Peoples of the Russian Far North (Minority Rights Group, August 1992), printed22 / physical22, left paragraphs2–3; note70. One report; the cited original works remain unread."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-52323ae4ef982c0e3c06",
  "name": "Northern funds and land outcomes",
  "place_and_era": "The Russian North. The report dates the decree on funds to 1980.",
  "attested": "Vakhtin reports that funds for Native development went through regional bodies. Native people had no control over those funds, he states.",
  "unknown": "The passage gives no project or tract with an identified loss of land or residence.",
  "next_step": "Locate a specific project and its land outcome. Do not treat the allocation of funds as a completed removal.",
  "sources": [
    "https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED354117.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Nikolai Vakhtin, Native Peoples of the Russian Far North (Minority Rights Group, August 1992), printed23 / physical23, right final paragraph. One report; the cited original works remain unread."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-7413ecd5f781a34e905f",
  "name": "The later move from Nunyamo and Pinakul",
  "place_and_era": "Chukotka. The report places this move 19 years after the Naukan departure. It gives no separate year.",
  "attested": "Vakhtin reports that officials merged these villages. They moved people again, to Lorino, Lavrentiya and Uelen.",
  "unknown": "The report does not establish that all these residents came from Naukan. It gives no count for this later move.",
  "next_step": "Assess this later move as a linked question. Do not add both groups as if their members were distinct.",
  "sources": [
    "https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED354117.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Nikolai Vakhtin, Native Peoples of the Russian Far North (Minority Rights Group, August 1992), printed19 / physical20, continuation of Naukan passage; note65. One report; the cited original works remain unread."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-7da6e90675936bee6072",
  "name": "Shor village loss after farm closures",
  "place_and_era": "Gornaya Shoria is in Siberia. Vakhtin reports a decree from 1960 that closed farms.",
  "attested": "Vakhtin reports farm closures with no new jobs. Residents left for towns and larger settlements. More than 40 villages became empty.",
  "unknown": "The reported share concerns the active population. It does not mean all Shors. The report gives no full list of moves.",
  "next_step": "Assess the closures and loss of homes. Do not apply the reported share to all Shors.",
  "sources": [
    "https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED354117.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Nikolai Vakhtin, Native Peoples of the Russian Far North (Minority Rights Group, August 1992), printed19 / physical20, right penultimate paragraph; note68. One report; the cited original works remain unread."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-9260666215d34d37457e",
  "name": "Refused access for Chukotka sea hunters",
  "place_and_era": "Chukotka. The report describes permit controls for 15 years before 1987. The author observed refusals in the 1970s.",
  "attested": "Vakhtin reports that hunters needed permission to go to sea. He witnessed refusals that blocked subsistence trips.",
  "unknown": "The report does not name every trip, person or period of exclusion. It does not assert a general ban or a residence move.",
  "next_step": "Assess the reported loss of access. Do not infer a move from home or the loss of all sea rights.",
  "sources": [
    "https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED354117.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Nikolai Vakhtin, Native Peoples of the Russian Far North (Minority Rights Group, August 1992), printed22 / physical22, left paragraphs2–3; hunting locator. One report; the cited original works remain unread."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-99bf044abdfa7d0fb1f4",
  "name": "The 1980 law and local land outcomes",
  "place_and_era": "Autonomous okrugs in the Russian North. The report dates the law to 1980.",
  "attested": "Vakhtin describes the law and argues that it weakened Native control. He questions how its stated rights applied in practice.",
  "unknown": "The passage names no specific loss of land or home under the law.",
  "next_step": "Locate an actual land or residence outcome under the law. Do not infer one from its text alone.",
  "sources": [
    "https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED354117.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Nikolai Vakhtin, Native Peoples of the Russian Far North (Minority Rights Group, August 1992), printed23 / physical23, Autonomous Okrug Law; notes77–78. One report; the cited original works remain unread."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-d6c936a39b06046d6400",
  "name": "The move from Naukan",
  "place_and_era": "Naukan is in Chukotka. The scan gives an unclear year. It reads either 1955 or 1958. Residents went to Nunyamo and Pinakul.",
  "attested": "Vakhtin reports that persuasion failed. Officials then closed the school, shop and farm, so residents had to leave.",
  "unknown": "The report gives no number of people moved. Their full link to the later move remains unclear.",
  "next_step": "Assess the departure from Naukan. Link the later move without an assumed total for both groups.",
  "sources": [
    "https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED354117.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Nikolai Vakhtin, Native Peoples of the Russian Far North (Minority Rights Group, August 1992), printed19 / physical20, left bottom through right top; note65. One report; the cited original works remain unread."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-d98205a4409096a3eb74",
  "name": "Nivkh moves on Sakhalin",
  "place_and_era": "Sakhalin, in the 1960s and 1970s. The report names Nogliki and Nekrasovka as destinations.",
  "attested": "Vakhtin reports forced moves to two larger settlements. He states that the new sites prevented traditional activities.",
  "unknown": "The report gives no origin list or count for each move. The cited field visit was in 1982, after those moves.",
  "next_step": "Assess the moves as one reported process. Keep the field visit date distinct from the move dates.",
  "sources": [
    "https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED354117.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Nikolai Vakhtin, Native Peoples of the Russian Far North (Minority Rights Group, August 1992), printed19,22 / physical20,22, right bottom then left top after map; note69. One report; the cited original works remain unread."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-e6949d26e3cdccbd04e2",
  "name": "A Yukagir student forced to leave",
  "place_and_era": "Yakutsk. The report dates the account to 1987.",
  "attested": "Vakhtin reports that insults drove a Yukagir student from university. He attributes the account to what the student told him.",
  "unknown": "The passage does not state that the student also left a home or lost land.",
  "next_step": "Find out whether the student also lost a home. Do not infer land loss from the account of insults.",
  "sources": [
    "https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED354117.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Nikolai Vakhtin, Native Peoples of the Russian Far North (Minority Rights Group, August 1992), printed17 / physical18, Chauvinism. One report; the cited original works remain unread."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-17f707bb178d3634f3b5",
  "name": "Land loss at Huumuuwaa",
  "place_and_era": "The Broken Group Islands in Barkley Sound. The article places the loss in the late eighteenth century.",
  "attested": "The article reports that Hach'aa7ath took land by force. This land was part of Maktl7ii7ath territory. It included Huumuuwaa.",
  "unknown": "The fate of the residents is unclear. The article gives no exact year or full extent of the lost land.",
  "next_step": "Trace who lost control of this land and what happened to its residents. Keep the links to the attack and merger clear.",
  "sources": [
    "https://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/bcstudies/article/download/186162/185705/199217"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Iain McKechnie, “Indigenous Oral History and Settlement Archaeology in Barkley Sound, Western Vancouver Island,” BC Studies 187 (Autumn 2015), 193–228, printed 208 / physical 16, paragraph on the northern boundary and violent seizure; Figure 1, printed 198 / physical 6, is dependent territorial context. One article family; cited originals remain unread."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-2277f02e8f259ae8295c",
  "name": "Houses on Dicebox Island",
  "place_and_era": "Dicebox Island in Barkley Sound. The article places four houses in AD 1430 to 1450. These are estimates from dated remains. The supplement gives AD 1440 to 1460.",
  "attested": "The article dates a group of houses built at about the same time. It describes the high site as a place for defence. It also describes the lower village and later use.",
  "unknown": "These traces do not establish a known attack, eviction or forced move. The two date ranges differ. The cause of the house construction is unclear.",
  "next_step": "Trace the site and its residents. Keep house construction distinct from any loss of homes. Retain both date ranges.",
  "sources": [
    "https://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/bcstudies/article/download/186162/185705/199217",
    "https://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/bcstudies/article/download/186162/187554"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Iain McKechnie, “Indigenous Oral History and Settlement Archaeology in Barkley Sound, Western Vancouver Island,” BC Studies 187 (Autumn 2015), 193–228, printed 212–216 / physical 20–24, upper and lower Huts’atswilh; Figures 9–11, especially final text at printed 214 / physical 22. One article family; cited originals remain unread.",
    "Publisher additional file “Figures” associated with BC Studies 187 article 186162 (DOCX), Associated DOCX “Figures,” Figure 11 caption and embedded upper Huts’atswilh chart; no stable printed/physical PDF page locator. One article family; cited originals remain unread."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-394fe83a7321fca7d87f",
  "name": "Early camps on northern Bathurst Island",
  "place_and_era": "Arctic Canada. The report suggests early camps from about 2500 to 1500 BCE. The dates rest on camp form and height above the coast.",
  "attested": "The survey found small camps, hearths and caches. Their style and height link them to several periods of past land use.",
  "unknown": "The finds do not show an attack or forced exit. Gaps between periods of use do not tell us why people left.",
  "next_step": "Check the dates and causes of local gaps in land use. The wider Thule expansion has its own atlas case.",
  "sources": [
    "https://parks.canada.ca/pn-np/cnpn-cnnp/qausuittuq/~/media/3a5c1dd844cd455a93bcc49782cac63f.ashx"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Robert McGhee, North Bathurst Island Archaeological Project: Final Report, Canadian Museum of Civilization, prepared for Parks Canada (31 January 1997), title and pp. 1-23."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-42a7a7745e299cabb7a9",
  "name": "Settlement traces near Sri Surya Pahar",
  "place_and_era": "Near Sri Surya Pahar in Assam, India. The author gives rough dates from the sixth to twelfth centuries for some remains. Many dates are uncertain.",
  "attested": "A field survey found old walls, wells and signs of settlement. Residents also reported finds. People moved or reused some objects.",
  "unknown": "The survey does not show forced departure or land loss. The dates and links between many remains are unclear.",
  "next_step": "Check the history of each place and its former residents. Keep river damage and recent construction separate from evidence of forced land loss.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.ancient-asia-journal.com/article/10.5334/aa.116"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Bratatee Barman, Ancient Asia8:4 (2017), pp.1–11. Settlement survey, provisional dates and source limits."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-454ff1d42292a5469b1a",
  "name": "Defeat and later homes",
  "place_and_era": "Barkley Sound. The defeat follows the earlier land loss and merger in the account. A later account describes homes in the nineteenth century.",
  "attested": "The article reports that an alliance defeated Hach'aa7ath. The group lost its own rule. A later account names Hachaa people at Huumuuwaa. It calls the place their land.",
  "unknown": "How the defeat changed land control or homes is unclear. Loss of self-rule does not prove that the people died out.",
  "next_step": "Trace the defeat and later residents together. Find out how land control and homes changed.",
  "sources": [
    "https://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/bcstudies/article/download/186162/185705/199217"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Iain McKechnie, “Indigenous Oral History and Settlement Archaeology in Barkley Sound, Western Vancouver Island,” BC Studies 187 (Autumn 2015), 193–228, printed 208 and 217–218 / physical 16 and 25–26, coalition defeat and later Hachaa residence at Huumuuwaa. One article family; cited originals remain unread."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-5ce840927facde393434",
  "name": "An attack destroyed betel trees used by Khasi growers",
  "place_and_era": "This took place at Lama Punji in Bangladesh. The report gives the date as 28 July 2025.",
  "attested": "The report says attackers destroyed betel trees used by Khasi growers. Residents said the aim was to make them leave.",
  "unknown": "Who did it is unknown. The extent and duration of lost use remain unclear. A forced exit is not established.",
  "next_step": "Check the loss of use of this plot. Keep that apart from the claim that the attackers meant to force people out.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.iwgia.org/images/publications/indigenous-world/indigenous-world-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Pallab Chakma and Bablu Chakma, “Bangladesh”, The Indigenous World 2026, ed. Dwayne Mamo, IWGIA, printed/physical pp. 153–162. Country text pp. 156–157; note 21, p. 161."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-7ae0f66561bed24288d9",
  "name": "Officials stopped an eviction while they checked a land claim",
  "place_and_era": "This took place at Mollapara in Bangladesh. The report dates the threat to September 2025.",
  "attested": "The report says Paharia families faced an eviction threat. Officials stopped the eviction while they checked the land claim.",
  "unknown": "The report does not say what the review found. Any later loss of homes or use of the land is unknown.",
  "next_step": "Check the land dispute and whether the halt still protects these homes.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.iwgia.org/images/publications/indigenous-world/indigenous-world-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Pallab Chakma and Bablu Chakma, “Bangladesh”, The Indigenous World 2026, ed. Dwayne Mamo, IWGIA, printed/physical pp. 153–162. Country text p. 156; note 19, p. 161."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-7dbcdf82d5fb568cd49a",
  "name": "Kol families lost their homes after a court order",
  "place_and_era": "This took place at Babudaing in Bangladesh. The report gives the date as 28 October 2025.",
  "attested": "The report says a court order led to home demolition. Five Kol families then took shelter in a bamboo grove.",
  "unknown": "The land title and notice are not verified. The court order and local report remain unread. Where these families lived later is unknown.",
  "next_step": "Check the order, the land claims and what happened to these families.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.iwgia.org/images/publications/indigenous-world/indigenous-world-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Pallab Chakma and Bablu Chakma, “Bangladesh”, The Indigenous World 2026, ed. Dwayne Mamo, IWGIA, printed/physical pp. 153–162. Country text p. 156; notes 17–18, p. 161."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-8256ec7ff6786066d911",
  "name": "An attack and a peaceful merger",
  "place_and_era": "The Broken Group Islands in Barkley Sound. The article places this sequence around the late eighteenth century.",
  "attested": "Hach'aa7ath attacked Maktl7ii7ath, the article reports. Survivors chose a peaceful merger with Ts'ishaa7ath. Their chiefs ceded ownership of their territory. They kept some stated rights.",
  "unknown": "The account does not settle the effects on homes. The exact sequence and its link to the reported land loss remain unclear.",
  "next_step": "Trace the attack, merger and change in land rights together. Keep the attacker distinct from the group that accepted the merger.",
  "sources": [
    "https://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/bcstudies/article/download/186162/185705/199217"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Iain McKechnie, “Indigenous Oral History and Settlement Archaeology in Barkley Sound, Western Vancouver Island,” BC Studies 187 (Autumn 2015), 193–228, printed 207 and 217 / physical 15 and 25, Maktl7ii7ath defeat, chosen peaceful merger, territorial cession and retained rights. One article family; cited originals remain unread."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-cc44baf97b8622450a7a",
  "name": "Moves after war, and return",
  "place_and_era": "Hiikwis, Huumuuwaa and other villages in Barkley Sound. The account concerns the nineteenth century, after a long war.",
  "attested": "The article describes seasonal moves after war. People stayed together for safety. A later part of the same account describes returns to former villages.",
  "unknown": "The account does not establish an eviction, blocked return or permanent loss of homes. The effect on each household is unclear.",
  "next_step": "Trace the moves and later returns together. Keep their seasonal nature and the reasons for safety clear.",
  "sources": [
    "https://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/bcstudies/article/download/186162/185705/199217"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Iain McKechnie, “Indigenous Oral History and Settlement Archaeology in Barkley Sound, Western Vancouver Island,” BC Studies 187 (Autumn 2015), 193–228, printed 217–218 / physical 25–26, Long War context and two linked life-stage recollections of collective movement and later seasonal dispersal. One article family; cited originals remain unread."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-d3faf91120428155d1c7",
  "name": "Early villages and later changes",
  "place_and_era": "Maktl7ii and Huumuuwaa in the Broken Group Islands. The article traces ancient villages. It also describes later changes in medieval and early modern times.",
  "attested": "The article places Maktl7ii before Huumuuwaa in the village sequence. This fits the order in local accounts. It also describes growth, smaller occupied areas and continued use.",
  "unknown": "The origins of the residents and later moves remain open questions. Dates and changes in deposits do not prove force or loss of homes.",
  "next_step": "Trace the residents of each place separately. Keep the older village changes distinct from the later land loss.",
  "sources": [
    "https://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/bcstudies/article/download/186162/185705/199217"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Iain McKechnie, “Indigenous Oral History and Settlement Archaeology in Barkley Sound, Western Vancouver Island,” BC Studies 187 (Autumn 2015), 193–228, printed 205–212 and 216–217 / physical 13–20 and 24–25, local descent narratives and separate Maktl7ii/Huumuuwaa settlement sequences; Figures 7–8 at printed 210–211 / physical 18–19. One article family; cited originals remain unread."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-ece50a7d1a96a1ff12e8",
  "name": "An attack on Santals at Gobindaganj",
  "place_and_era": "This took place at Gobindaganj in Bangladesh. The report gives the date as 15 August 2025.",
  "attested": "The report says a group it calls land grabbers attacked Santals. At least three people were injured.",
  "unknown": "The exact plot and land use after the attack are unclear. The report does not say whether people lost their homes.",
  "next_step": "Find the local account and check what changed for the people who used the land.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.iwgia.org/images/publications/indigenous-world/indigenous-world-2026.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Pallab Chakma and Bablu Chakma, “Bangladesh”, The Indigenous World 2026, ed. Dwayne Mamo, IWGIA, printed/physical pp. 153–162. Country text p. 156; note 20, p. 161."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-56b1e990d61ff60c3ef5",
  "name": "Flight from Burmese raids on Lhota villages",
  "place_and_era": "The outer Naga Hills, northeast India. The local dates and village names are not given.",
  "attested": "Hutton records villagers' reports that Lhota people fled into the jungle when Burmese raiders came. His note says the raiders took property and food.",
  "unknown": "The note does not name each village or say how long people stayed away. It does not show whether they returned or who used their homes after the raids.",
  "next_step": "Identify the local attacks and the people who fled. Keep this flight separate from the victory claimed by Akuk and Lakhuti.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/67795/pg67795-images.html#n2.2"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "J. P. Mills, The Lhota Nagas (1922), Part I, p. 2, note 2 by J. H. Hutton. Gutenberg transcription; print-image comparison unverified."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-704bd93343c5b1b44979",
  "name": "A tradition of settlement that forced Aos out",
  "place_and_era": "The area later described as Lhota country in northeast India. The tradition has no calendar dates.",
  "attested": "In his account of local traditions, Mills says some new Lhota villages forced Aos out. He also records claims that other villages were built on vacant sites.",
  "unknown": "The account does not name the Ao villages, give dates or say where the displaced people went. It does not prove that sites called vacant had no users or rights.",
  "next_step": "Trace the reported displacement of Aos and the later settlement. Keep this apart from other origin stories and the earlier pressure on Lhota migrants.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/67795/pg67795-images.html#pb5"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "J. P. Mills, The Lhota Nagas (1922), Part I, pp. 3–5, especially p. 5. Gutenberg transcription; print-image comparison unverified."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-7f11a599ea8231e1328b",
  "name": "New rule over other Lhota villages",
  "place_and_era": "The Naga Hills, northeast India. Mills dates the later annexation to 1889.",
  "attested": "Mills says the rest of the Lhota people came under annexation in 1889. He gives this as a later step than the annexation of the left-bank villages.",
  "unknown": "The passage does not name every village in this later step. It does not say that residents were expelled, new settlers arrived or land was seized from individual owners.",
  "next_step": "Identify the places and the change in rule in 1889. Keep this step separate from the one in 1878.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/67795/pg67795-images.html#pb3"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "J. P. Mills, The Lhota Nagas (1922), Part I, p. 3 and note 5. Gutenberg transcription; print-image comparison unverified."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-9019f6d5f01129895896",
  "name": "Land grants to Lhota villages",
  "place_and_era": "Plains near the Doyang, northeast India. The grant dates are not given.",
  "attested": "Mills says several Lhota villages held land grants from Ahom rulers. He thinks the grants came with an agreement to stop raids on Assamese people.",
  "unknown": "This passage does not give the grant texts, dates or plots. It does not show what rights changed or what happened to people who used the land before.",
  "next_step": "Find a grant and examine which rights it changed. Keep a grant separate from proof that prior users were forced out.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/67795/pg67795-images.html#pt1"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "J. P. Mills, The Lhota Nagas (1922), Part I, pp. 1–2, introduction. Gutenberg transcription; print-image comparison unverified."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-fabbc5ba257af1bd2206",
  "name": "Mills reports that Pangti was burned",
  "place_and_era": "Pangti in the Naga Hills, northeast India. Mills links the fire to the 1875 attack on Butler.",
  "attested": "Mills says Pangti was burned after an attack that fatally wounded Captain Butler. He says Lakhuti escaped punishment.",
  "unknown": "This passage does not name the people who burned the village or say which homes were lost. It does not give the later fate of the residents or a separate date for the fire.",
  "next_step": "Examine what loss of homes or use the account supports. A later owner or a distant place of refuge is not required.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/67795/pg67795-images.html#pb2"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "J. P. Mills, The Lhota Nagas (1922), Part I, p. 2, the Butler ambush account. Gutenberg transcription; print-image comparison unverified."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-fc07203557d2f9741c83",
  "name": "New rule over Ndrung villages",
  "place_and_era": "The left bank of the Doyang, northeast India. Mills dates the annexation to 1878.",
  "attested": "Mills says a stockade was set up at Wokha in 1878 and the Ndrung villages were annexed. He places those villages on the left bank of the Doyang.",
  "unknown": "The passage does not list all the villages or explain which land rights changed. It does not establish that residents were expelled or made to work.",
  "next_step": "Examine which places came under new rule and how control changed. Keep rule over a territory separate from ownership of each plot.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/67795/pg67795-images.html#pb3"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "J. P. Mills, The Lhota Nagas (1922), Part I, pp. 2–3 and note 5. Gutenberg transcription; print-image comparison unverified."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-fda15ac5c44b399b6de7",
  "name": "Reported attack and burned homes at Fay Tolton",
  "place_and_era": "Fay Tolton village (39ST11), South Dakota. The chapter does not give the date of the attack.",
  "attested": "LeBeau reports unburied dead people in burned houses. One person had a projectile embedded in her lower leg. He reads these finds as signs of a successful attack.",
  "unknown": "The chapter does not name the attackers or give an exact date. It does not describe what happened to other residents. Some absent bones have more than one possible explanation.",
  "next_step": "Examine what loss of home use the evidence supports. Keep older injuries and disputed bone changes separate.",
  "sources": [
    "https://read.upcolorado.com/system/actioncallout/2/f/b/2fbcc7fa-8af3-487e-b3d1-2d68e747262c/attachment/6246a2be8210bc5173c50b51b51ba74a.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Albert M. LeBeau III, “Ditches or Earthworks: A Reexamination of Fortified Villages on the Upper Missouri River”, in Andrew J. Clark and Douglas B. Bamforth (eds.), Archaeological Perspectives on Warfare on the Great Plains (2018), chapter 6, pp. 177–189; Fay Tolton positive locus pp. 186–187 (PDF physical pp. 195–196). DOI: 10.5876/9781607326700.c006."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-1f49ebbe6fc6f09895db",
  "name": "Rout and organized withdrawal: residence-use link open",
  "place_and_era": "The chapter transmits comparative movement accounts. The historical encounter, home and destination geography and event dates are unknown.",
  "attested": "The chapter reports a defeated force fleeing under pursuit and a force withdrawing in order while carrying casualties. These remain distinct positive descriptions, not two counted events or proof of home clearance.",
  "unknown": "Whether the descriptions are alternatives or related parts of one process is unresolved. The account does not establish a loss of continuing camp, refuge, home or territorial use from movement alone.",
  "next_step": "Keep rout/pursuit and ordered casualty-carrying withdrawal together. Examine their source-attested relation to continuing residence or use without inventing a camp-clearance link.",
  "sources": [
    "https://doi.org/10.5876/9781607326700.c003"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Keyser, James D. 2018. Warriors and Weapons: Late Prehistoric/Protohistoric–Period Warfare in Bear Gulch Rock Art. In Archaeological Perspectives on Warfare on the Great Plains, edited by Andrew J. Clark and Douglas B. Bamforth, pp.66–119. University Press of Colorado, Louisville. DOI:10.5876/9781607326700.c003. Research locus: KBG-L06."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-41c4b1cbe2c64509e4f5",
  "name": "Butte refuge under assault: constrained use",
  "place_and_era": "Keyser transmits a butte-refuge account placed around 1740 by the source. The historical refuge and encounter geography are not assigned; the date is context only.",
  "attested": "In the Bear’s Arm account transmitted by Keyser, warriors assault enemies using a butte as refuge. the atlas assessment infers pressure on that refuge use during the assault.",
  "unknown": "The assault’s success, later access and fate of the occupants are unknown. The account does not establish their prior home or why they first sought refuge.",
  "next_step": "Keep the source-attributed refuge-use question narrow. Distinguish pressure during assault from eviction, seizure, later exclusion and the cause of earlier refuge-taking.",
  "sources": [
    "https://doi.org/10.5876/9781607326700.c003"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Keyser, James D. 2018. Warriors and Weapons: Late Prehistoric/Protohistoric–Period Warfare in Bear Gulch Rock Art. In Archaeological Perspectives on Warfare on the Great Plains, edited by Andrew J. Clark and Douglas B. Bamforth, pp.66–119. University Press of Colorado, Louisville. DOI:10.5876/9781607326700.c003. Research locus: KBG-L06."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-425b2cc0fb8bc0d91d24",
  "name": "Cemetery and home use at Buckeye Knoll",
  "place_and_era": "Buckeye Knoll, near Victoria, Texas. The early cemetery is dated to about 7,500–6,200 calibrated years before present.",
  "attested": "Ricklis reports an early cemetery and very little overlap between its burial dates and dates from household remains. He reads this as a place set aside for burial. The early skeletal sample had little injury.",
  "unknown": "This does not show that residents were forced out or denied use of land. Ricklis’s link between cemeteries and group control of land is conditional. The start of exclusive use and any short overlap remain uncertain.",
  "next_step": "Ask how burial and home use were arranged, and whether anyone lost access or control. Keep that question separate from the later injured person.",
  "sources": [
    "https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1013922/m2/1/high_res_d/Vol._82_2011.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Robert A. Ricklis, “New Perspectives on the Archaic of the Texas Coastal Plain: The Buckeye Knoll Site (41VT98) on the Lower Guadalupe River near Victoria, Texas”, Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 82 (2011), pp. 31–76. Early cemetery and use discussion pp.39–46; conditional territoriality pp.66–70."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-b75da3a1a87a6e9e9386",
  "name": "Bear Gulch V-neck captives: unresolved overlap",
  "place_and_era": "Bear Gulch locates the art, not a home or encounter. V-neck/style chronology is source context; no particular event date or single research era is assigned.",
  "attested": "Keyser interprets V-neck compositions as women and children held captive. The reported six captives are depicted figures, not a census. Hand signs can also mark coup touching or trophy taking.",
  "unknown": "Which figures or compositions repeat the specific tally is unresolved. Historical identities, homes, encounter places, destinations and later outcomes are unknown.",
  "next_step": "Keep both original questions open. Distinguish full human-capture readings from other hand meanings, and resolve composition overlap before treating any branch as additive.",
  "sources": [
    "https://doi.org/10.5876/9781607326700.c003"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Keyser, James D. 2018. Warriors and Weapons: Late Prehistoric/Protohistoric–Period Warfare in Bear Gulch Rock Art. In Archaeological Perspectives on Warfare on the Great Plains, edited by Andrew J. Clark and Douglas B. Bamforth, pp.66–119. University Press of Colorado, Louisville. DOI:10.5876/9781607326700.c003. Research locus: KBG-L03; figure/panel 3.12a–d."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-c2d91066a0cfe8cb337c",
  "name": "Burial 25 and its unknown effect on home use",
  "place_and_era": "Buckeye Knoll, near Victoria, Texas. Ricklis places Burial 25 in the Late Archaic, later than the main early cemetery. No exact death date is set.",
  "attested": "Ricklis reports a dart point in the right shoulder blade of the person in Burial 25. He treats it as a projectile-caused death. This burial is later than the main early cemetery.",
  "unknown": "The article does not identify an attacker or describe an attack on homes. It does not say whether this injury led anyone to leave or lose access to land.",
  "next_step": "Ask what happened around this injury and whether it changed anyone’s use of a home or land. Do not extend it to the early cemetery.",
  "sources": [
    "https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1013922/m2/1/high_res_d/Vol._82_2011.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Robert A. Ricklis, “New Perspectives on the Archaic of the Texas Coastal Plain: The Buckeye Knoll Site (41VT98) on the Lower Guadalupe River near Victoria, Texas”, Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 82 (2011), pp. 31–76. Burial 25 stratigraphy p.35 and projectile injury contrast p.46."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-d081c15f6fbe57788b53",
  "name": "Bear Gulch tally: interpreted captive control",
  "place_and_era": "Bear Gulch is the art location. Keyser describes the tally as pre-horse/pre-gun Protohistoric; the historical encounter place and date are unknown.",
  "attested": "Keyser reads two female figures beneath a bow-spear in one Bear Gulch tally as captive women under control. The figure count is not a census, and repeated weapons do not count separate captures.",
  "unknown": "Their home community, encounter place, route, destination and later fate are unknown. The tally may record several actions, and its captive imagery may overlap the broader V-neck set.",
  "next_step": "Retain the narrow captive-control question and the minimum constraint on remaining or leaving inferred by the atlas assessment. Keep the V-neck overlap unresolved; do not infer home eviction or add the depicted figures.",
  "sources": [
    "https://doi.org/10.5876/9781607326700.c003"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Keyser, James D. 2018. Warriors and Weapons: Late Prehistoric/Protohistoric–Period Warfare in Bear Gulch Rock Art. In Archaeological Perspectives on Warfare on the Great Plains, edited by Andrew J. Clark and Douglas B. Bamforth, pp.66–119. University Press of Colorado, Louisville. DOI:10.5876/9781607326700.c003. Research locus: KBG-L02; figure/panel 3.10a."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-d34011460162f44d0f7b",
  "name": "Isolated camp attacks: process boundary unresolved",
  "place_and_era": "Keyser transmits comparative camp-attack accounts. Historical camp and encounter geography and dates are not assigned.",
  "attested": "Keyser transmits reports of attacks on isolated camps. the atlas assessment infers physical pressure on occupied camp use; which attacks belong to a bounded process remains unresolved.",
  "unknown": "The process boundary, association among attacks and tactical accounts, and extent of camp-use interruption are unresolved. Evacuation, later control and permanent loss are not established.",
  "next_step": "Identify an already attested boundary or a precise source-clause attribution for the reported camp attacks. Do not invent camp episodes or join them to rout and withdrawal accounts.",
  "sources": [
    "https://doi.org/10.5876/9781607326700.c003"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Keyser, James D. 2018. Warriors and Weapons: Late Prehistoric/Protohistoric–Period Warfare in Bear Gulch Rock Art. In Archaeological Perspectives on Warfare on the Great Plains, edited by Andrew J. Clark and Douglas B. Bamforth, pp.66–119. University Press of Colorado, Louisville. DOI:10.5876/9781607326700.c003. Research locus: KBG-L06."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-e887d08217c42c8d73ab",
  "name": "No Water panel: interpreted human capture",
  "place_and_era": "No Water is the art location. Keyser captions panel 3.19e as Prehistoric; the represented encounter place and exact date are unknown.",
  "attested": "Keyser identifies panel 3.19e at No Water as capture of a woman. Neighboring panels show weapon taking and supply no extra human-capture event.",
  "unknown": "The captive and captor communities, encounter location, prior home, destination and later fate are unknown. A distinct art panel or site does not establish historical independence.",
  "next_step": "Retain the source-qualified human-capture question and the minimum location constraint inferred by the atlas assessment. Keep weapon taking, historical overlap and unknown residential history distinct.",
  "sources": [
    "https://doi.org/10.5876/9781607326700.c003"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Keyser, James D. 2018. Warriors and Weapons: Late Prehistoric/Protohistoric–Period Warfare in Bear Gulch Rock Art. In Archaeological Perspectives on Warfare on the Great Plains, edited by Andrew J. Clark and Douglas B. Bamforth, pp.66–119. University Press of Colorado, Louisville. DOI:10.5876/9781607326700.c003. Research locus: KBG-L04; figure/panel 3.19a–e."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-57e48ae89d792e42ef93",
  "name": "Simhavishnu and the Chola conquest",
  "place_and_era": "The Chola kingdom and Kaveri banks, as the book describes them. Proposed dates remain estimates.",
  "attested": "The book says Simhavishnu conquered the Chola kingdom and took possession of the Kaveri banks.",
  "unknown": "The extent and duration of control remain unclear. Prior rights and resident fates remain unknown.",
  "next_step": "Assess the reported transfer of control over the named land.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil (1920), Ancient History of the Deccan; English translation by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar. Chapter III, The Pallavas. Printed 66–69 / physical 70–73."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-746f7dcbefb4969d925a",
  "name": "Southern conquests under Samudragupta",
  "place_and_era": "The author places the campaign in Southern Kosala and on the east coast. Its dates and route remain disputed.",
  "attested": "The book reports conquest, the capture and release of kings, and later withdrawal. The author reconstructs the retreat and its cause.",
  "unknown": "The extent and duration of control remain unknown. The chapter does not establish what happened to the residents.",
  "next_step": "Assess the temporary control of named places and the relation between parts of the campaign.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil (1920), Ancient History of the Deccan; English translation by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar. Chapter III, The Pallavas. Printed 58–61 / physical 62–65."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-a8aa92d813e1b01d8d15",
  "name": "Early Pallava records of an order and gifts",
  "place_and_era": "Dhannakada and the places named in three early Pallava records. Exact event dates remain unknown.",
  "attested": "The book describes an order, a gift confirmation, and another grant. The author uses these records to study a royal family.",
  "unknown": "The terms and land effects of each act remain unclear here. These notices do not establish one shared event.",
  "next_step": "Examine what each order or gift changed for land and its users.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil (1920), Ancient History of the Deccan; English translation by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar. Chapter III, The Pallavas. Printed 52–53 / physical 56–57."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-f5995bc874dfd542c6b6",
  "name": "A royal marriage and rule at Kanchi",
  "place_and_era": "Kanchi, in the account of early Pallava rule. Proposed dates remain uncertain.",
  "attested": "Jouveau-Dubreuil interprets a royal marriage tradition as a path to rule at Kanchi. His argument concerns a royal family.",
  "unknown": "This does not establish a mass arrival or a forced marriage. What changed for prior rulers and land users is unknown.",
  "next_step": "Assess the reported accession and the prior control of land.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil (1920), Ancient History of the Deccan; English translation by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar. Chapter III, The Pallavas. Printed 47–57 / physical 51–61."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-05f50500c4c50d8b8768",
  "name": "A battle ally and his reported death",
  "place_and_era": "Eran names the inscription account used here. It does not fix the battle or death site.",
  "attested": "The book reports Goparaja's alliance in a battle and his death. The account is tied to an Eran inscription.",
  "unknown": "The genealogy does not prove he ruled Sarabha. His death does not by itself show a conquest, a civilian toll or a forced departure.",
  "next_step": "Assess any bounded change in land control or residence.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil (1920), Ancient History of the Deccan. English translation by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar. Chapter IV, The dynasties of Central Deccan. Printed pp. 76 and 78; PDF pp. 80 and 82."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-07b68b17108be32f4c96",
  "name": "Possession of the Western Satrap kingdom",
  "place_and_era": "The Western Satrap kingdom, as named in the book. Its exact bounds remain open.",
  "attested": "The book reports Chandragupta II's possession of this kingdom. It uses that claim to date a marriage.",
  "unknown": "The book does not show how control was gained. A change of ruler does not show a change of population. This is distinct from the earlier Gautamiputra question.",
  "next_step": "Assess how control was gained and what land it covered.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil (1920), Ancient History of the Deccan. English translation by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar. Chapter IV, The dynasties of Central Deccan. Printed pp. 73; PDF pp. 77."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-164893e2ea90e3ad2a11",
  "name": "A proposed installation of a ruler at Vengi",
  "place_and_era": "Vengi is the proposed seat of rule. The date of the proposed change remains uncertain.",
  "attested": "The author proposes that Madhavavarman I was set up to rule Vengi. He uses a legend and marriages. He also makes a case about territory. Chapter VI also says the old kingdom was probably taken with Vakataka help. The author thinks it very probable that they removed its rulers and set up the new king.",
  "unknown": "The printed names of the princess do not agree. The imposed change in control is still a question. A mass move of people is not shown. The new argument uses a deity, marriage and praise. Eleven sacrifices do not mean eleven battles.",
  "next_step": "Assess the proposed change in rule and land control. Keep the legend and both qualified claims distinct.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil (1920), Ancient History of the Deccan. English translation by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar. Chapter IV, The dynasties of Central Deccan. Printed pp. 74; PDF pp. 78. | G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VI, printed pp. 89, 90, 91 (physical PDF pp. 93, 94, 95). Qualified Salankayana replacement and Madhavavarman installation."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-2dcb23d504c6c6eca77b",
  "name": "Claims of expansion across seven regions",
  "place_and_era": "The book names Kuntala, Avanti and Kalinga. It also names Kosala, Trikuta, Lata and Andhra. Their bounds and event dates remain uncertain.",
  "attested": "The book links claims for Harishena to an Ajanta record. It lists seven regions. The author also proposes probable campaigns. Chapter V says Harishena conquered Traikuta. Chapter VI also cites his Andhra victory claim. His place in the coalition remains a suggestion.",
  "unknown": "Seven regions do not mean seven separate events. The printed names Harivarman and Harishena differ. A gap in later records does not prove the Traikutas were destroyed. Taking or subordinating political control is the atlas assessment's minimum inference from that claim. This finding concerns Traikuta alone; its date, bounds and civilian effects remain open. The Andhra claim does not show that he joined this fight or that both claims concern one event.",
  "next_step": "Prepare the Traikuta assessment. Keep the other six claims as open research questions. Assess the Andhra link as a separate open question.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil (1920), Ancient History of the Deccan. English translation by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar. Chapter IV, The dynasties of Central Deccan. Printed pp. 76; PDF pp. 80. | G. Jouveau-Dubreuil (1920), Ancient History of the Deccan. English translation by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar. Chapter V, The dynasties of Western Deccan. Printed p. 81; PDF p. 85. | G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VI, printed pp. 91, 92 (physical PDF pp. 95, 96). Possible Harishena coalition membership and Andhra claim."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-4c159790496f6a293a10",
  "name": "Later possession and a proposed change of ruling house",
  "place_and_era": "The book describes land between Nasik and Ujjain. The date of the proposed change remains uncertain.",
  "attested": "The book states that the Kalachuris later held this land. It proposes that they replaced the Vakatakas around the middle of the sixth century. Chapter V names Ujjain as Samkaragana's capital and reports his rule over the Nasik region. It describes Nirihullaka as his subordinate chief in the lower Narbada valley.",
  "unknown": "Possession and the proposed replacement are distinct claims. A change of ruling house does not show a mass arrival or expulsion. Bounds and effects remain open. These authority reports do not establish how that rule began or prove the proposed replacement.",
  "next_step": "Assess the reported rule and any change in it. Keep the origin of that rule and the subordinate relation open.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil (1920), Ancient History of the Deccan. English translation by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar. Chapter IV, The dynasties of Central Deccan. Printed pp. 76; PDF pp. 80. | G. Jouveau-Dubreuil (1920), Ancient History of the Deccan. English translation by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar. Chapter V, The dynasties of Western Deccan. Printed p. 82; PDF p. 86."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-b7718e3352eeff5c4fe8",
  "name": "Reports of honored royal commands",
  "place_and_era": "Kosala, Mekala and Malava are named in the book. No fixed land bounds or event date is set here.",
  "attested": "The book says the lords of those regions honored Narendrasena's commands. This is a positive claim of royal power.",
  "unknown": "The words do not list conquests or forced moves. They do not prove one shared event. The author's view of a lost throne is context here. It does not by itself show an expulsion.",
  "next_step": "Assess what the words show about bounded control of land.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil (1920), Ancient History of the Deccan. English translation by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar. Chapter IV, The dynasties of Central Deccan. Printed pp. 75; PDF pp. 79."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-eff381364f9edc65a17d",
  "name": "A temple grant with the asset unknown",
  "place_and_era": "The book cites the Undivatika plates. It does not fix the place affected by the grant.",
  "attested": "The book reports a grant to a temple. This paragraph does not say that the gift was land.",
  "unknown": "The asset and its effect on prior users remain unknown. No other grant can fill that gap. The author's rough capital coordinates do not fix this grant's site.",
  "next_step": "Identify the gift and any change in land use or control.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil (1920), Ancient History of the Deccan. English translation by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar. Chapter IV, The dynasties of Central Deccan. Printed pp. 77; PDF pp. 81."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-f8ca8c63dac05022092a",
  "name": "A queen's land grant",
  "place_and_era": "The book covers the Central Deccan. It places the grant when Divakarasena was a minor. The tract and event year are not set here.",
  "attested": "The book reports that Queen Prabhavati gave land. It cites Pathak's plates.",
  "unknown": "The tract, recipient, prior use and effects of the grant remain open. This is still a positive report of a land grant.",
  "next_step": "Assess the grant and any change in land control or use.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil (1920), Ancient History of the Deccan. English translation by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar. Chapter IV, The dynasties of Central Deccan. Printed pp. 73; PDF pp. 77."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-19e53113374b70482a14",
  "name": "Rudrabhuti's reported donation",
  "place_and_era": "The book cites a Western Kshatrapa inscription dated 181 AD / S. 103. No affected tract is named.",
  "attested": "The book says General Rudrabhuti, an Abhira and son of General Bahaka, made a donation.",
  "unknown": "The asset, recipient and effects are not stated here. A donation does not by itself establish a land grant or imposed loss.",
  "next_step": "Assess what was given and any change in land control, use or residence.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil (1920), Ancient History of the Deccan. English translation by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar. Chapter V, The dynasties of Western Deccan. Printed p. 80; PDF p. 84."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-fc9443369609f4c553be",
  "name": "An Abhira ruler and a proposed kingdom",
  "place_and_era": "The author proposes a kingdom in Kathiawar and the Nasik region in the mid-third century. Coin findspots are not population routes.",
  "attested": "The book asks whether Isvarasena was the coin king Isvaradatta. It suggests that Isvarasena founded the dynasty.",
  "unknown": "The ruler identity and a particular taking of control remain unresolved. No royal title for his father does not prove that the father was not king.",
  "next_step": "Assess the ruler identification and whether the proposed formation involved a bounded taking of control.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil (1920), Ancient History of the Deccan. English translation by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar. Chapter V, The dynasties of Western Deccan. Printed p. 80; PDF p. 84."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-0a93a1faec9a7aea9f05",
  "name": "A field grant in Gudravara",
  "place_and_era": "The book places the field in Gudravara district. It gives no fixed field boundary or event year here.",
  "attested": "The book reports a field grant by Bhima II. This is the third of four cited records.",
  "unknown": "The passage does not identify the field or its prior rights holders. It does not state what changed for those who used it.",
  "next_step": "Find this separate grant and assess any imposed loss of rights.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VI, printed pp. 85 (physical PDF pp. 89). Bhima II’s field grant in Gudravara."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-0bed9865092989d2c092",
  "name": "Land loss among poorer residents in Yakutia",
  "place_and_era": "Yakutia, in the article's nineteenth-century setting. The date of the reported inquiry is not given.",
  "attested": "Nikitina reports a study's findings. It found that the existing system left poorer residents without land. It also linked abuses to the elders' court powers.",
  "unknown": "The article does not trace the steps or sequence of this land loss. It does not pin down the poorer residents and land affected. It does not show that later reforms or a 1909 status order caused this loss or a physical move.",
  "next_step": "Trace the study or other evidence to find how land was lost and which residents were affected.",
  "sources": [
    "https://www.tuva.asia/journal/issue_6/1739-nikitina.html"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "С. Е. Никитина, «Реформы местного управления Якутской области в государственном устройстве Российской империи в XIX в.», Новые исследования Тувы, №2 (2010), hosted article, paragraph on the Kondakov/Mainov study. Archive locus as cited in the article: НА РС(Я). Ф.12. Оп.6. Д.74. Л.8."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-1a945c530bee05eeb0fa",
  "name": "An order to people in Gudravara",
  "place_and_era": "The order names Gudravara district. The book uses it to help place the old district. No event year is set.",
  "attested": "The book lists an order from Amma II to people who lived there. This is the first of four cited records.",
  "unknown": "The passage does not say what the order required. It does not show a loss of land rights or a forced move.",
  "next_step": "Find what the order required and assess its effects on land use or control.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VI, printed pp. 85 (physical PDF pp. 89). Amma II’s order to Gudravara residents."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-7cda78fedf8888018a9d",
  "name": "The grant of Pantura village",
  "place_and_era": "The book places Pantura in Kudurahara. Its link to modern Panduru is tentative. No event year is set.",
  "attested": "The book says Jayavarman granted this village. It gives his tenth year of rule.",
  "unknown": "The passage does not state the full grant terms or prior rights. It does not show what changed for those who held or used the land.",
  "next_step": "Find the grant terms and assess any imposed loss of land rights.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VI, printed pp. 84 (physical PDF pp. 88). Jayavarman’s Pantura village grant."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-86539d41a8e00dbf7b06",
  "name": "Land granted to a chief for work on a town",
  "place_and_era": "The book places the land by Pambarru and near Ghantasala. Its place links remain source claims. No event year is set.",
  "attested": "The book says Amma II granted land to a chief. It credits him with work to improve Gudravara.",
  "unknown": "The stated reward does not show that the work cleared homes. Prior rights and the grant outcome remain unclear.",
  "next_step": "Find the grant terms and assess what changed for prior holders.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VI, printed pp. 85 (physical PDF pp. 89). Amma II’s land grant for town improvement."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-c58e905bd3a96a8b3cdc",
  "name": "Departure from SunWatch village",
  "place_and_era": "SunWatch is near Dayton, Ohio. The chapter dates the village to the early to middle 1200s AD. It says people lived there for about 15–20 years.",
  "attested": "The chapter reports that the villagers left SunWatch. It suggests several likely pressures: less firewood, worn houses, waste problems, poorer soil and insect damage to crops. A fire in the northeast part of the village possibly hastened their departure.",
  "unknown": "The chapter does not establish that anyone forced the villagers to leave. It also does not establish that everyone left freely. It does not identify who or what started the fire.",
  "next_step": "Ask whether the evidence shows an imposed loss of homes or land use, or supports a limit on that claim. Keep that question open.",
  "sources": [
    "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/GB11_Dalbey_2007.pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "Christopher A. Turnbow, with revisions by Sandra Yee, “Stop 4: SunWatch Archaeological Site—Venturing Back in Time,” in Timothy S. Dalbey, editor, Geological Aspects of Key Archaeological Sites in Northern Kentucky and Southern Ohio, Ohio Division of Geological Survey, Guidebook No. 11 (2007), pp. 66–71. Abandonment: p. 71."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-cd401c546b4d07e9dced",
  "name": "The grant of Trandaparu village",
  "place_and_era": "The book places this village in Gudravara district. Its bounds and event date remain uncertain.",
  "attested": "The book says Vijayaditya III made a grant of this village. This is the second of four cited records.",
  "unknown": "The passage does not state the full rights granted or who held them before. The outcome for those who used the land is not given.",
  "next_step": "Find this grant and assess the rights it changed.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VI, printed pp. 85 (physical PDF pp. 89). Vijayaditya III’s Trandaparu village grant."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-ea322840ebf8d558c562",
  "name": "The chiefs who joined against the king Indrabhattaraka",
  "place_and_era": "The book places this claim in the eastern Deccan. The battle site and event year are not fixed.",
  "attested": "The book reports chiefs allied to remove the king by force. It says his elephant was struck down. The author still thinks he won, based on a land grant.",
  "unknown": "The battle result and the grant timing are unresolved. The passage gives no human death count. What control changed in the conflict is not clear.",
  "next_step": "Keep both claims. Resolve the grant timing and assess what control changed.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VI, printed pp. 91 (physical PDF pp. 95). The forceful alliance against Indrabhattaraka."
  ]
},
{
  "id": "ledger-f389ad9814f673c04652",
  "name": "A king's wish to take the eastern land",
  "place_and_era": "The book names a crossing of the Godavari. The eastern tract and event year remain uncertain.",
  "attested": "The book reports that Madhavavarman II crossed the Godavari. He wanted to conquer the eastern region.",
  "unknown": "The stated aim does not show that the conquest took place. The author says the crossing probably came shortly before a different invasion.",
  "next_step": "Find whether the crossing led to a change in land control.",
  "sources": [
    "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ancient_history_of_the_Deccan_(IA_ancienthistoryof00jouvrich).pdf"
  ],
  "source_citations": [
    "G. Jouveau-Dubreuil, Ancient History of the Deccan, translated by V. S. Swaminadha Dikshitar (1920), Chapter VI, printed pp. 92 (physical PDF pp. 96). Madhavavarman II’s Godavari crossing and conquest intention."
  ]
}],
  "cases_awaiting_map_locations": [
    {
      "id": "atlas-9ddc1a71f66e0452f81b",
      "name": "ADF attack-driven displacement from Beni Territory and nearby Ituri villages, January–March 2021",
      "place_and_era": "Central Africa; January–19 March 2021",
      "attested": "UNHCR reports deaths, injuries and displacement from attacks blamed on the ADF in Beni and nearby Ituri.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-adf-attack-displacement-beni-and-nearby-ituri-january-march-2021"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-abe1d05d5ba6759e267c",
      "name": "Akosombo Dam flooding and Volta Basin resettlement",
      "place_and_era": "Africa; 1961–1966",
      "attested": "The Volta reservoir displaced people from homes and farms upstream of the Akosombo Dam.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=af-volta-akosombo-resettlement"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-06b4ebd6462300414774",
      "name": "Anfal campaign against Iraqi Kurds",
      "place_and_era": "Middle East and North Africa; 1987–1989",
      "attested": "Human Rights Watch describes village destruction, killings, detention and forced relocation during Anfal.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=mena-iraq-anfal"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-e563d2b5e8adb753bc0c",
      "name": "Anti-Greek pogrom in Istanbul",
      "place_and_era": "Europe / Middle East; 6–7 September 1955",
      "attested": "Organized anti-Greek violence struck Greek residents and communal institutions in Istanbul.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-istanbul-pogrom-1955"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-355d6ff3003c39136a3e",
      "name": "Anti-Tutsi violence, exile and blocked return in Rwanda",
      "place_and_era": "Africa; 1959–1973 (successive waves; exile continued)",
      "attested": "Violence forced Tutsi people to flee Rwanda in several waves.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=af-rwanda-tutsi-expulsions"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-70c3fb9f99aad9077bfd",
      "name": "Arab-Muslim conquest of Egypt and establishment of Fusṭāṭ",
      "place_and_era": "Middle East & North Africa; late 639/early 640–646 CE",
      "attested": "John of Nikiu describes dispossession, flight and forced supplies during the conquest of Egypt.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=mena-arab-conquest-egypt-639-646"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-6db80e374d04b37c9b6a",
      "name": "Argentine conquest and Indigenous confinement in the Chaco",
      "place_and_era": "Latin America; 1884–1917",
      "attested": "Argentine campaigns and private land seizures restricted Indigenous access to rivers and food sources in the Chaco.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=am-argentina-chaco-conquest-reducciones"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-71b89448b869cdc67bc3",
      "name": "Armenian genocide deportations and forced removal",
      "place_and_era": "Europe / Middle East; spring 1915–fall 1916",
      "attested": "The Ottoman government began to deport Armenians from border regions, then extended deportations to almost all provinces.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=eu-armenian-genocide-deportation"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-1061c8c241c5af8d3abb",
      "name": "August 2008 South Ossetia war, conflict flight, and post-ceasefire forced displacement and destruction",
      "place_and_era": "Russia, the Caucasus, and Central Asia; 2008 CE",
      "attested": "The inquiry records civilian flight, forced moves and destruction of ethnic Georgian settlements during and after the war.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-august-2008-south-ossetia-conflict-and-immediate-aftermath-displacement"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-99b2ab9ff34591ad3e95",
      "name": "Australian Stolen Generations child removals",
      "place_and_era": "Australia; c. 1910–1970",
      "attested": "Australian governments and missions removed Indigenous children from their families and placed them in institutions or other homes.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=modern-australia-stolen-generations"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-4af9986d368b28f5060c",
      "name": "Bosnian Serb common plan to remove Muslims and Croats from claimed territory",
      "place_and_era": "Europe; October 1991–30 November 1995",
      "attested": "The ICTY found a common plan to remove Bosnian Muslims and Croats from territory claimed by Bosnian Serbs through crimes.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-bosnia-bosnian-serb-common-plan-1991-1995"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-c76be0ff1c1a43fa7877",
      "name": "Bougainville conflict displacement",
      "place_and_era": "Melanesia; December 1988 escalation; conflict described as 1989–1997; peace marker in 1997",
      "attested": "Testimony describes civilian moves to government centers, forests and places abroad during the Bougainville conflict.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=modern-bougainville-conflict-displacement"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-0aa5f77935d5f20c3d2e",
      "name": "British annexation, phosphate-company settlement, and indentured migrant labour on Christmas Island",
      "place_and_era": "Indian Ocean; From 1888; terminal year unresolved",
      "attested": "Parks Australia describes indentured migrant workers in phosphate mines and deaths linked to inadequate food.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-christmas-island-phosphate-colonial-bound-labor"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-fa3c723521f2c2591321",
      "name": "Bukhara: surrender, forced dispersal and military levy",
      "place_and_era": "Russia & Central Asia; February–March 1220",
      "attested": "Jackson reports that Bukhara residents lost property, were driven out, and were taken away for Mongol forces.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=medieval-mongol-bukhara-capture-dispersal-levy"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-096d2f3157652f493b8b",
      "name": "Bulgarian assimilation campaign and forced migration of Turks",
      "place_and_era": "Southeastern Europe; 1984–1989",
      "attested": "Kutlay reports forced migration of Turks from Bulgaria to Turkey after state restrictions, followed by some voluntary return.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=modern-bulgarian-turk-forced-migration"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-e6ca7ecde4278a518dbb",
      "name": "Burundi civil war and renewed mass displacement",
      "place_and_era": "Great Lakes Africa; 1993–2005",
      "attested": "UNHCR reports that civil war in Burundi forced people abroad and displaced civilians within the country.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=modern-burundi-civil-war-displacement"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-65f56360895662b55859",
      "name": "Cambodian refugees forced back at Preah Vihear",
      "place_and_era": "South & Southeast Asia; June 1979",
      "attested": "Thai soldiers forced Cambodian refugees down the mountainside at Preah Vihear into Cambodia.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-indochina-cambodia-preah-vihear-refoulement"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-69f4e45e82a40784892b",
      "name": "Captives placed at Tīl-karme",
      "place_and_era": "Middle East & North Africa; Conventionally 738 BCE; actual transfer date uncertain",
      "attested": "The royal account reports that captives were placed at a named settlement and assigned work duties.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=ancient-neo-assyrian-til-karme-captive-resettlement-738"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-56e3cd72e337d856e674",
      "name": "Circeii under Volscian control (source-qualified)",
      "place_and_era": "Europe; early fifth century BCE (precise capture year unresolved)",
      "attested": "The historian reads the Coriolanus tradition as possible evidence of a Volscian takeover of Circeii.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-gr-volscian-circeii-takeover-early-fifth-century"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-bee0e9b372ec44d63443",
      "name": "Civil-war displacement within and from Sierra Leone",
      "place_and_era": "West Africa; 1991–2002",
      "attested": "The truth commission describes attacks, threats and property destruction that repeatedly drove civilians from homes in Sierra Leone.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=modern-sierra-leone-civil-war-displacement"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-2ff24560fe3cce853ba6",
      "name": "Cocos (Keeling) estate settlement and controlled labor",
      "place_and_era": "Indian Ocean; From 1827; end unresolved",
      "attested": "The Cocos estate tied workers and families to its authority, store currency and control of where they lived.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-cocos-keeling-estate-bound-labor"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-e639e9264c63e3c504d1",
      "name": "Colonial phosphate extraction and destruction of Nauruan land",
      "place_and_era": "Pacific & Oceania; 1906–1968",
      "attested": "Colonial mines stripped Nauruan land to supply fertilizer abroad.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=pacific-nauru-phosphate-land-destruction"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-a44a47c45f458d1c8218",
      "name": "Compulsory Ujamaa villagization in Tanzania",
      "place_and_era": "Africa; 1973–1976",
      "attested": "The state party directed rural people to live in villages by 1976.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=af-tanzania-operation-vijiji"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-612d021943705196d9e3",
      "name": "Coordinated Soviet deportation from Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, 13-14 June 1941",
      "place_and_era": "Europe / Russia and Central Asia; 1941 CE",
      "attested": "Soviet security forces deported people from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-baltic-june-1941-tristate-deportation"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-ee2dd7e656c4798cba36",
      "name": "Crown and Royal Navy slave-trade interception and Liberated African depot system on St Helena, 1840–1868",
      "place_and_era": "Atlantic Islands; 1840–1868 CE",
      "attested": "The Royal Navy brought Africans from intercepted slave ships to St Helena.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-crown-and-royal-navy-liberated-african-depot-on-st-helena-1840-1868"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-c097a81472e1b98b3148",
      "name": "Culebra: resident relocation for a naval range",
      "place_and_era": "Caribbean; 1901–1975",
      "attested": "The United States placed Culebra under Navy control and required residents to move outside the target zone.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-culebra-navy-control-resident-relocation-and-range-closure"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-f1e0d0825ec14b69793c",
      "name": "Deportation of German residents from Lithuania",
      "place_and_era": "Europe / Russia and Central Asia; 1945",
      "attested": "Soviet authorities deported German residents of Lithuania to Siberia and Kazakhstan.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-lithuania-german-nationality-deportation-1945"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-50369a8eeb19d80c2bfb",
      "name": "Deportation of German-origin residents from Estonia",
      "place_and_era": "Europe / Russia and Central Asia; 15 August 1945",
      "attested": "Soviet authorities deported people of German origin from Estonia to the Soviet interior.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-estonia-german-nationality-deportation-1945"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-8ac12ef241a1f6b04d57",
      "name": "Deportation of South Sea Islanders from Australia",
      "place_and_era": "Pacific & Oceania; Late 1906–1908",
      "attested": "The Australian government required most South Sea Island workers to leave under the White Australia policy.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=pacific-australia-south-sea-islander-deportation-1906-1908"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-182d8575453be85e4607",
      "name": "Deportation of the Balkars and authorization to return",
      "place_and_era": "Russia, the Caucasus, and Central Asia; 1944–1957",
      "attested": "Soviet authorities removed Balkars from their North Caucasian homeland to Kazakhstan and Kirghizia.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-soviet-balkar-deportation-1944-1957"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-e9a37dda34396b5a9265",
      "name": "Deportation of the Karachays and the difficult return from exile",
      "place_and_era": "Russia, the Caucasus, and Central Asia; From 1943 — end unresolved",
      "attested": "The NKVD deported Karachays from their homeland to special settlements in Soviet eastern regions.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-soviet-karachay-deportation-1943-1957"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-7980f160280540ba32ff",
      "name": "Derg resettlement and compulsory villagization in Ethiopia",
      "place_and_era": "Africa; 1978–1991",
      "attested": "The Ethiopian Derg government forced rural people to move to control people and land.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=af-ethiopian-derg-resettlement-villagization"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-3d6804353ce7a7fa048e",
      "name": "Detention and forced return of recognized Nong Khai Lao Hmong refugees",
      "place_and_era": "Southeast Asia; 17 November 2006–28 December 2009 CE",
      "attested": "Thai authorities detained Lao Hmong refugees recognized by UNHCR for deportation.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-lao-hmong-detention-and-forced-return-2006-2009"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-b0bd48b5df4644ded848",
      "name": "Drainage and forced displacement of Iraq's Marsh Arabs",
      "place_and_era": "Middle East and North Africa; 1991–2003",
      "attested": "Human Rights Watch reports that state drainage policies destroyed Marsh Arab livelihoods and forced residents from home.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=mena-iraq-marsh-arab-displacement"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-8fbabfb6e066a43d601f",
      "name": "Enslaved labor in the English and East India Company colony on St Helena",
      "place_and_era": "Africa; 1659–1839; emancipation in 1836, legal clarification in 1839",
      "attested": "The East India Company and private traders brought captives to St Helena, where enslaved people worked under restrictive laws.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-english-and-east-india-company-enslaved-labor-colony-on-st-helena-1659-1839"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-e02af16dfc93e7020de0",
      "name": "Eritrean internment and expulsion of Ethiopian residents",
      "place_and_era": "Horn of Africa; 1998–2000",
      "attested": "Ethiopians in Eritrea faced hardship, threats, confinement and forced departure during the war.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=modern-eritrea-expulsion-ethiopian-designated-civilians-1998-2000"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-d46682298e6b3ef1d345",
      "name": "Ethiopian expulsion of Eritrean-designated civilians",
      "place_and_era": "Horn of Africa; 1998–2000",
      "attested": "Ethiopian authorities began arrests and expulsions during the war with Eritrea.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=modern-ethiopia-expulsion-eritrean-designated-civilians-1998-2000"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-f2e815a063ca06759e69",
      "name": "Expulsion of Greek citizens from Istanbul and restrictions on their assets",
      "place_and_era": "Europe / Middle East; 1964",
      "attested": "The Turkish government began to expel Greeks who held Greek citizenship.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-istanbul-expulsion-and-asset-measures-1964"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-200df9fbfc33969db27b",
      "name": "Expulsion of Jews from Castile and Aragon",
      "place_and_era": "Europe; 1492",
      "attested": "Isabella and Ferdinand issued an order for Jewish residents to leave their realms.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=eu-expulsion-jews-spain-1492"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-c980cc4e1d43e03d3500",
      "name": "Expulsion of Lhotshampa from Bhutan",
      "place_and_era": "South Asia; 1988–1993",
      "attested": "Amnesty reports threats, abuse and state pressure that drove Lhotshampa families from Bhutan.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=asia-bhutan-lhotshampa-expulsion"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-f7bbb96e80c87366867e",
      "name": "Expulsion of the Moriscos from Spain",
      "place_and_era": "Europe; 1609–1614",
      "attested": "The Spanish monarchy expelled Morisco communities through a series of regional orders.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=eu-morisco-expulsion"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-f59f54710fbb30a6f844",
      "name": "Expulsion, partial return, and continuing displacement of Tawergha residents",
      "place_and_era": "North Africa; 2011–2025",
      "attested": "An OHCHR inquiry reports attacks, abuses and the destruction of Tawergha, whose residents were displaced.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=modern-libya-tawergha-expulsion"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-3ee1a796452728878223",
      "name": "Fiji-bound coerced or deceptively recruited Pacific Island labor removal, October 1864–10 October 1874",
      "place_and_era": "Pacific and Oceania; October 1864–10 October 1874",
      "attested": "Historical accounts document coercion and abduction in the labor trade that brought Pacific Islanders to Fiji.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-fiji-bound-coerced-or-deceptive-labour-recruitment-october-1864-10-october-1874"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-5339eecc14c02cd4d208",
      "name": "First Congo War and destruction of refugee camps in eastern Zaire",
      "place_and_era": "Great Lakes Africa; 1996–1997",
      "attested": "AFDL forces and their Rwandan allies attacked refugee camps in eastern Zaire.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=modern-first-congo-war-refugee-camp-clearance"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-1f7bca73855b053892c3",
      "name": "First Liberian civil-war displacement, December 1989–1997",
      "place_and_era": "Africa; December 1989–1997",
      "attested": "UNHCR describes property destruction and violence that drove civilians to flee within Liberia and across its borders.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-first-liberian-civil-war-displacement"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-1692a2b0b4f8f9466501",
      "name": "Forced Muslim exodus from Strumnitsa",
      "place_and_era": "Europe; August 1913",
      "attested": "Greek authorities ordered Muslim residents of Strumnitsa and nearby villages to leave for Greek territory.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-balkan-greek-strumnitsa-muslim-exodus-1913"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-f80f4eb2b3bb9d39141b",
      "name": "French abandonment, reprisal, flight, transfer, and camp confinement of former Harkis and their families",
      "place_and_era": "North Africa and Europe; From 1961; terminal year unresolved",
      "attested": "Sources report killings, imprisonment and dispossession of former Harkis and families, with flight and later camp confinement.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-algeria-harki-reprisal-flight-resettlement-1961-1965"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-7d64577e51c3c776f718",
      "name": "Fushu transferred from Mutsu",
      "place_and_era": "East Asia; 725 CE; intercalary first month, fourth day (chronicle notice)",
      "attested": "A Japanese court record states that fushu were moved from Mutsu to Iyo, Izumi and other provinces.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=medieval-mutsu-fushu-transfer-725"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-f83e4b1b1910254ae77b",
      "name": "Georgian and Ossetian displacement during the South Ossetia conflict, 1991–1992",
      "place_and_era": "Russia, the Caucasus, and Central Asia; 1991–1992 CE",
      "attested": "Crisis Group reports Ossetians displaced from Georgia and Georgians displaced from South Ossetia, with some property claims unresolved.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-south-ossetia-conflict-displacement-1991-1992"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-5cc088b6d6f12eb4a01d",
      "name": "Greek destruction and Bulgarian exodus from Kukush to the Bulgarian frontier",
      "place_and_era": "Europe; 1913 CE",
      "attested": "The Carnegie Commission attributes arson, evictions and civilian flight at Kukush to Greek soldiers.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-balkan-greek-kukush-bulgarian-expulsion-1913"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-05f60451cf3f86a438c8",
      "name": "Guatemalan civil-war displacement and refuge in Mexico",
      "place_and_era": "Latin America; 1960–1996",
      "attested": "UNHCR reports killings and disappearances as army attacks drove Indigenous people from their homes.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=modern-guatemala-civil-war-displacement"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-5abedee7a20b9b37fb4b",
      "name": "Herat after the revolt: punitive reconquest",
      "place_and_era": "Central Asia; 1221–1222 CE",
      "attested": "Jackson describes mass slaughter, enslavement of some women and fires during the punitive recapture of Herat.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=medieval-mongol-herat-rebellion-punitive-destruction"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-f7d836722e58f5e8245c",
      "name": "Herat weavers: removal and return orders",
      "place_and_era": "Russia & Central Asia; 1221–c. 1240 CE",
      "attested": "Tolui removed weaver households from Herat and sent them to Beshbaliq.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=medieval-mongol-herat-weavers-beshbaliq-return"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-556d335c601c792f5466",
      "name": "Highveld Difaqane warfare, refuge, and state formation",
      "place_and_era": "Southern Africa; c. 1810–1840",
      "attested": "War and raids uprooted Highveld communities and changed control of land, cattle and people.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=af-highveld-difaqane-refugee-state-formation"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-8602ad4a1ccacbd55cbc",
      "name": "Hmong asylum seekers pushed back to Laos",
      "place_and_era": "South & Southeast Asia; 1986",
      "attested": "A report states that Hmong refugees were pushed back from Thailand to Laos in 1986.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-indochina-laos-hmong-1986-pushback"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-d96eb3adb0935f4b1392",
      "name": "Huguenot exile after the Revocation",
      "place_and_era": "Europe; 1685–1715",
      "attested": "Louis XIV revoked Protestant rights, banned their worship and ordered their churches destroyed.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=modern-huguenot-exile"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-78fa43e3ea46e3eb0a65",
      "name": "HVO/Herceg-Bosna program against Bosnian Muslims",
      "place_and_era": "Europe; mid-January 1993–April 1994 CE",
      "attested": "The ICTY found that leaders of Herceg-Bosna pursued Croat control through crimes that changed the ethnic composition of its territory.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-bosnia-hvo-herceg-bosna-muslim-removal-1993-1994"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-6cb72912653f87b8ec84",
      "name": "Isaaq civilian clearance in northern Somalia",
      "place_and_era": "Horn of Africa; 1988–1991",
      "attested": "Somali government forces bombed Hargeisa and attacked civilians in flight after rebels captured parts of the city.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=modern-isaaq-clearance-northern-somalia"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-715614bdef87dc8ec4b4",
      "name": "Japanese occupation-government forced repatriation and depopulation of Hong Kong, December 1941–August 1945",
      "place_and_era": "East Asia; 1941–1945 CE",
      "attested": "An occupation history reports street arrests, forced removal and people left to die under Japanese rule.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-japanese-occupied-hong-kong-forced-repatriation-and-depopulation-1941-1945"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-208a768a259e7bb35953",
      "name": "Japanese wartime deportation of Nauruans to Chuuk",
      "place_and_era": "Pacific & Oceania; 1943–1946",
      "attested": "Japanese authorities deported Nauruans to the Truk group in two transfers.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=modern-nauru-japanese-deportation"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-a51dee5976ba13bb8a88",
      "name": "Javanese contract migration to Suriname",
      "place_and_era": "Latin America; 1890–1930; contract-migration phase, with later contract expiry",
      "attested": "Javanese workers first arrived under contract at a plantation in Suriname in 1890.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=am-suriname-javanese-contract-worker-migration-1890-1930"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-2c7aa228432c57666622",
      "name": "Judeans deported to Babylonia",
      "place_and_era": "West Asia; 597 and 587/586 BCE; two separate deportation phases",
      "attested": "Babylonian conquests of Jerusalem led to two waves of deportation.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=ancient-neo-babylonian-judean-deportations-597-587-586"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-dcf2cfafdddcd749b55c",
      "name": "Kaptai Dam: reservoir flooding and displacement",
      "place_and_era": "South & Southeast Asia; 1957–1964",
      "attested": "The Kaptai dam project flooded homes and farms in the Chittagong Hill Tracts.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=asia-kaptai-dam-chakma-displacement"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-269f41e13fe25480593d",
      "name": "Karelian evacuation, return and renewed displacement",
      "place_and_era": "Northern Europe; 1939–1944",
      "attested": "War displaced Karelian residents from territory Finland ceded to the Soviet Union.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=modern-finnish-karelia-evacuation"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-d13c587ae532bfdec070",
      "name": "Khmer Rouge urban evacuation and nationwide forced displacement in Cambodia, 1975–1979",
      "place_and_era": "Southeast Asia and the Pacific; 17 April 1975–early 1979",
      "attested": "Khmer Rouge forces entered Phnom Penh and systematically emptied the city.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-indochina-cambodia-khmer-rouge-evacuation"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-b2cd651e72cf92c42280",
      "name": "Killing and displacement at Boulgar-Keui and Pichman-Keui",
      "place_and_era": "Europe; 1913",
      "attested": "Ottoman forces inflicted violence, plunder and displacement on Bulgarian villagers in eastern Thrace.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-balkan-ottoman-bulgarian-village-removal-1913"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-ba7c8ab02d43a5aff9ac",
      "name": "Kitakami campaigns and fortified administration",
      "place_and_era": "East Asia; 774–811 CE (campaign sequence with reversals)",
      "attested": "Friday describes attacks that drove Emishi from their strongholds, alongside frontier settlement and local resistance.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=medieval-kitakami-campaigns-fortified-administration-774-811"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-1ac34c205783547d2344",
      "name": "Kololo conquest and rule in Barotseland",
      "place_and_era": "Africa; c. 1838–1864",
      "attested": "Kololo conquest drove some Lozi and members of their royal families to flee the valley.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=af-kololo-conquest-barotseland"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-8403309953b413fe13b8",
      "name": "Korean War civilian flight and permanent division",
      "place_and_era": "East Asia; 1950–1953",
      "attested": "The Korean War drove civilians from their homes in more than one wave.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=modern-korean-war-civilian-displacement"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-24a7f9a00d27c384416a",
      "name": "Lachin capture and Azerbaijani civilian displacement, 17–18 May 1992",
      "place_and_era": "Russia, the Caucasus, and Central Asia; 17–18 May 1992",
      "attested": "Villagers fled as troops advanced toward Lachin in 1992.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-nk-lachin-azerbaijani-displacement-1992"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-89a9dab9bc6cf0053425",
      "name": "Land-law exclusion and migrant ejection in Tabou",
      "place_and_era": "Africa; 1998",
      "attested": "Babo reports that Burkinabé migrants were ejected from land in Tabou, but does not name who removed them.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=af-cote-ivoire-migrant-land-expulsions"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-0dbd0cf203a26c7cbae1",
      "name": "Late-April 1994 Karabakh Armenian front-line displacement",
      "place_and_era": "Russia, the Caucasus, and Central Asia; 1994 CE",
      "attested": "Human Rights Watch links the offensive to Azerbaijani flight, with reports of indiscriminate fire and hostage capture.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-nk-april-offensive-azerbaijani-displacement-1994"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-b223f8c4b54a0493fea7",
      "name": "LTTE expulsion of Muslims from northern Sri Lanka",
      "place_and_era": "South Asia; 1990",
      "attested": "The LTTE ordered Muslim communities out of northern Sri Lanka.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=modern-sri-lanka-northern-muslim-expulsion"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-ed5ec9b3fed5f76d1f0d",
      "name": "LURD–MODEL war displacement in Liberia, July 2000–2003",
      "place_and_era": "West Africa; July 2000–2003",
      "attested": "Human Rights Watch describes attacks that forced Liberian civilians from homes and abuses by government forces and LURD.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-renewed-lurd-model-war-displacement"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-a511ea89216c805c9eac",
      "name": "M23-related North Kivu conflict displacement from March 2022, observed through 19 March 2024",
      "place_and_era": "Central Africa; March 2022–19 March 2024 observation window",
      "attested": "UNHCR describes flight from North Kivu, loss of access to fields, and refuge in sites under pressure.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-m23-north-kivu-conflict-displacement-from-march-2022"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-028569fe668ffed0364a",
      "name": "Maasai conservation evictions from Serengeti, Ngorongoro and Loliondo",
      "place_and_era": "Africa; 1951–present",
      "attested": "Human Rights Watch links conservation programs to removals, loss of pasture access, and pressure on residents to leave.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=af-serengeti-ngorongoro-maasai-evictions"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-d9f59c5980f73f8db0f3",
      "name": "Macías Nguema’s dictatorship and mass exile from Equatorial Guinea",
      "place_and_era": "Central Africa; 1968–1979",
      "attested": "Tsafack describes killings and repression that drove exile and made return unsafe under Macías Nguema.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=modern-equatorial-guinea-macias-exile"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-3c4e9586701e0c51c64f",
      "name": "Malayan Emergency forced resettlement into New Villages",
      "place_and_era": "South & Southeast Asia; 1948–1960",
      "attested": "British and Malayan officials forced rural people into new settlements meant to cut ties to communist rebels.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=modern-malayan-emergency-new-villages"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-de74750caa21f448cbd2",
      "name": "Merina expansion, military colonies and coerced labour",
      "place_and_era": "Africa; c. 1790–1895",
      "attested": "Campbell describes Merina conquest, enslaved captives, forced labor, and groups moved to east-coast plantations.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=af-merina-imperial-expansion"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-a1bbe775857fab104dd1",
      "name": "Miskito compulsory relocation and loss of homes and land",
      "place_and_era": "Latin America; December 1981–September 1983",
      "attested": "The government of Nicaragua ordered Coco River villages to move to Tasba Pri.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-miskito-compulsory-relocation-and-land-loss"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-dff9d01e54d9bcbdf609",
      "name": "Mogadishu public-land and settlement evictions and relocation pressure, 2012-2013",
      "place_and_era": "Horn of Africa; 2012–2013 CE",
      "attested": "The World Bank reports that authorities and private owners evicted displaced people, often without another place to go.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-somalia-mogadishu-urban-evictions-2012-2013"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-372caeeaf42ef38d1365",
      "name": "Mogadishu-centered conflict displacement, 2005-2009",
      "place_and_era": "Horn of Africa; 2005–2009 CE",
      "attested": "The World Bank links conflict in Mogadishu to waves of people who left the city.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-somalia-mogadishu-conflict-2005-2009"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-01affc3572ce3556ca70",
      "name": "Mongol capture of Samarkand and removal of artisans and young men",
      "place_and_era": "East & Central Asia; 1220–c. 1223 CE",
      "attested": "Juvaini reports that Mongol forces removed residents and assigned skilled survivors and young men to their forces.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=medieval-mongol-samarkand-artisan-and-youth-removals"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-67e2c0bd6c4f9f985cf9",
      "name": "Mongol retaliatory destruction of Bamiyan",
      "place_and_era": "Central Asia; 1221–1222",
      "attested": "Juvaini says Chinggis Khan ordered people killed and banned future settlement after Bamiyan fell.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=medieval-mongol-bamiyan-retaliatory-destruction"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-406957f2d39a8523d054",
      "name": "Mozambique: civil war and mass displacement",
      "place_and_era": "Africa; 1977–1992 (record period; UNHCR dates the war’s onset to 1976)",
      "attested": "Mozambican civilians fled a war between the FRELIMO government and RENAMO rebels.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=modern-mozambique-civil-war-displacement"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-a8769827a8c01b54db89",
      "name": "Muslim expulsion from Portugal",
      "place_and_era": "Europe; 1496–1497",
      "attested": "King Manuel I issued an order to expel people from Portugal.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-portugal-muslim-expulsion-1496-1497"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-aaee7cca0f02c67034a9",
      "name": "Mutsu: frontier reorganization and fortified settlement",
      "place_and_era": "East Asia; 720–724 CE (post-uprising institutional sequence)",
      "attested": "Kumagai describes new counties and immigrant placement in Mutsu after the revolt.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=medieval-mutsu-frontier-reorganization-720-724"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-d546c59922ee27f25cb5",
      "name": "Navy expropriation and resident relocation on Vieques",
      "place_and_era": "Latin America; 1941–2003",
      "attested": "The United States acquired land on Vieques for Navy bases through forced sale and purchase.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-vieques-navy-expropriation-and-relocation"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-3b121c544afab0335a34",
      "name": "Nazi and Axis genocide of Roma and Sinti",
      "place_and_era": "Europe; 1939–1945",
      "attested": "Nazi German authorities subjected European Roma and Sinti to camps, forced labor, deportation and mass murder.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=eu-romani-genocide"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-826f7fa58816ab560e16",
      "name": "Nazi arrests and deportations of Jersey residents to mainland prisons and camps, 1942–1945",
      "place_and_era": "Western Europe; 1942–1945",
      "attested": "German authorities removed Jersey residents to mainland camps and prisons.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-channel-islands-nazi-deportations-1940-1945"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-e9fbacc21bacf2ae6d53",
      "name": "Nepet colonial transition",
      "place_and_era": "Europe; 383 BCE commission; alternative foundation tradition 373 BCE",
      "attested": "Chiabà describes the Nepet colony as founded on land previously taken from Falerii.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-gr-roman-nepet-colonial-transition-commissioned-383-alternative-373"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-7ee8026f7ef0ec52c53e",
      "name": "Nicaragua post-2018 repression and exile",
      "place_and_era": "Central America; from April 2018; observed 10 March 2020",
      "attested": "UNHCR reports that people fled Nicaragua after its political crisis amid persecution and human rights abuses.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=modern-nicaragua-2018-repression-exile"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-cd02b102b0672b729080",
      "name": "Nicaraguan refugee flight during the anti-Somoza insurrection",
      "place_and_era": "Latin America; 1978–1979",
      "attested": "Nicaraguans fled their country after the events of September 1978.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-nicaraguan-revolutionary-exile-and-flight-through-july-1979"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-372ce58019ebf5b2a54a",
      "name": "Nikephoros I’s compulsory transfer to the Balkans",
      "place_and_era": "Europe; September 809–Easter 810",
      "attested": "Nikephoros I forced subjects from Asia Minor to sell their property and move to Balkan districts.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=medieval-nikephoros-asia-minor-balkan-transfer"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-5557f5cf27bf8f126990",
      "name": "Nishapur: massacre and removal of craftspeople",
      "place_and_era": "Russia & Central Asia; April 1221 CE",
      "attested": "Juvaini describes killings at Nishapur, destruction of homes and removal of skilled people to Turkestan.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=medieval-mongol-nishapur-massacre-and-artisan-removal"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-c4cb50668da1270e5b1e",
      "name": "Nordalbingian Saxon removal, Obodrite land grant and reversal",
      "place_and_era": "Europe; 804–c. 811 CE; removal, brief land grant and reported return",
      "attested": "The army under Charlemagne removed Saxon families from beyond the Elbe and Wigmodia to Francia.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=medieval-carolingian-nordalbingian-saxon-removal"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-43beb8a65a4c32bd2556",
      "name": "Norman conquest of England: aristocratic dispossession and the Harrying of the North",
      "place_and_era": "Europe; 1066-1086",
      "attested": "The conquest changed control of English land, while accounts of the northern campaign describe famine and refugee flight.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=medieval-norman-conquest-england-harrying"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-f78d676e2f050ef2e21d",
      "name": "Northern Hoa flight from Viet Nam to China",
      "place_and_era": "Southeast Asia and the Pacific; 1978–1979",
      "attested": "Ethnic Chinese residents of northern Viet Nam fled to China amid hostile official policies.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-indochina-vietnam-hoa-china-flight"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-394b8836234f8f7f83f5",
      "name": "Northern-iwi invasions of Ngāi Tahu communities and territory",
      "place_and_era": "Pacific & Oceania; 1827–1837 CE",
      "attested": "Ngāti Toa war parties and northern allies attacked Ngāi Tahu communities in the South Island.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=new-zealand-ngai-tahu-musket-war-invasions"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-542c8b811020acb66f67",
      "name": "Nubian displacement by the Aswan dams",
      "place_and_era": "Africa; 1902–1964",
      "attested": "The first Aswan Dam and its later increases in height flooded homes and farms in Egyptian Nubia.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=af-nubian-aswan-dam-displacement"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-0aa73915127a0eff3656",
      "name": "Obstruction of Jewish return to Cisr-i Mustafa Paşa",
      "place_and_era": "Europe; 1913–1914",
      "attested": "Ginio reports fires, plunder and local hostility that blocked the return of Jewish families to their town.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-balkan-cisr-mustafa-pasa-jewish-return-exclusion-1913-1914"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-64b068796ddd1e706ee9",
      "name": "Okinawan land seizure and displacement for United States military bases",
      "place_and_era": "East Asia; 1945–1972",
      "attested": "Okinawa Prefecture describes United States forces that took land for bases and blocked displaced residents from home.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=modern-okinawa-base-land-seizure"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-e7e50d87bfc542ae34d1",
      "name": "Old Urgench: destruction and captive removal",
      "place_and_era": "Russia & Central Asia; 1221–before 1232 CE",
      "attested": "Juvaini reports killings at Urgench and the forced removal of artisans, children and young women.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=medieval-mongol-urgench-destruction-and-artisan-removal"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-675c389cbabcd900eb8e",
      "name": "Operation Murambatsvina: Zimbabwe’s urban evictions",
      "place_and_era": "Africa; 2005: campaign launched 19 May; aftermath documented through November",
      "attested": "Zimbabwean authorities destroyed homes and informal shops across urban areas.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=modern-zimbabwe-operation-murambatsvina"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-29bd0f24ecaf1e0c4b6b",
      "name": "Operation Osen phased deportation from Lithuania, September-November 1951",
      "place_and_era": "Europe / Russia and Central Asia; September–November 1951 CE",
      "attested": "Soviet authorities rounded up households, seized property and deported families by rail to special settlements.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-lithuania-operation-osen-1951"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-f704cfc7043f5c9ec3f3",
      "name": "Operation Priboi deportation from Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, March-April 1949",
      "place_and_era": "Europe / Russia and Central Asia; 1949 CE",
      "attested": "Soviet forces deported households across the Baltic republics, with children removed and property seized.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-baltic-operation-priboi-1949"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-5ab5dd3b3100853a8a55",
      "name": "Operation Ring: expulsion from Armenian villages",
      "place_and_era": "Russia, the Caucasus, and Central Asia; 1991",
      "attested": "The European Court judgment reports that government forces expelled Armenian villagers under the pretext of passport and arms checks.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-nk-operation-ring-armenian-displacement-1991"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-3bf93b7a700bb190049a",
      "name": "Operation Sever deportations in the Baltic republics",
      "place_and_era": "Europe / Russia and Central Asia; 31 March–1 April 1951",
      "attested": "Soviet authorities carried out deportations in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania at the end of March 1951.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-baltic-operation-sever-april-1951"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-23dd38d5410196a0d517",
      "name": "Operation Vesna household deportation from Lithuania",
      "place_and_era": "Europe / Russia and Central Asia; 22–23 May 1948; initial transports completed afterward",
      "attested": "Operation Vesna removed households from Lithuania in 1948.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-lithuania-operation-vesna-1948"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-be7641a68fbe1b74c980",
      "name": "Operation Vistula deportation and dispersal",
      "place_and_era": "Europe; 1947–1950",
      "attested": "Operation Vistula moved people defined as Ukrainian from southeast Poland to the north and west.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=eu-operation-vistula"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-14dcacfd8eb435784ebb",
      "name": "Ottoman conquest of the Balkans: surgun transfers and Yoruk-Turkmen colonization of Rumelia",
      "place_and_era": "Europe; c. 1352-c. 1600",
      "attested": "Ottoman conquest brought troops, settlers and displaced people into the Balkans.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=medieval-ottoman-surgun-balkan-colonization"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-2f46ab74c2140c5fd95f",
      "name": "Pakistani army and auxiliary violence and displacement in East Pakistan, March–December 1971",
      "place_and_era": "South Asia; 25 March–16 December 1971 CE",
      "attested": "The ICJ reports killings, destroyed homes and fear that drove people to flee within East Pakistan and toward India.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-pakistani-army-and-auxiliary-displacement-in-east-pakistan-march-december-1971"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-6a84226bcd9ea89cbb08",
      "name": "Palestinian flight from Kuwait during Iraqi occupation and Gulf War conditions, 1990–1991",
      "place_and_era": "Middle East and North Africa; 1990–1991 CE",
      "attested": "Many Palestinians left Kuwait during the Iraqi occupation and Gulf War.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-palestinian-occupation-and-war-flight-from-kuwait-1990-1991"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-5bebaff7d38b837c890e",
      "name": "Partition of India and Pakistan and reciprocal mass displacement",
      "place_and_era": "South Asia; 1947 and succeeding years",
      "attested": "UNHCR links the 1947 partition of India and Pakistan to mass displacement.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=asia-partition-india-pakistan-1947"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-a3258a096f8ab8781011",
      "name": "Peru internal armed conflict displacement",
      "place_and_era": "South America; 1980–2000",
      "attested": "Violence drove civilians from homes and farms across Peru during its internal armed conflict.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=modern-peru-internal-conflict-displacement"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-6361b51c2387db318094",
      "name": "Peruvian slave raids across Polynesia",
      "place_and_era": "Pacific & Oceania; 1862–1864",
      "attested": "Ships from Peru carried Pacific Islanders abroad for farm labor and household service.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=pacific-peruvian-polynesian-slave-raids"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-63da85425aad20811cd6",
      "name": "Philippine–American War reconcentration",
      "place_and_era": "Southeast Asia; 1899–1902",
      "attested": "The United States Army issued orders to confine rural people during the Philippine-American War.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=modern-philippine-american-reconcentration"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-1c32b45c6a0c0d1a7af7",
      "name": "Post-liberation expulsion and residency pressure against Palestinians in Kuwait",
      "place_and_era": "Middle East and North Africa; 1991",
      "attested": "Palestinians in Kuwait faced arrests, expulsions and pressure to leave after its government returned from exile.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-post-liberation-kuwaiti-expulsion-and-residency-pressure"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-46aaea152fc28cefde0a",
      "name": "Post-surrender violence and dispossession of Biharis in Bangladesh",
      "place_and_era": "South Asia; From 1971; end unresolved",
      "attested": "After the army surrendered, Biharis faced revenge attacks in newly independent Bangladesh.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-post-surrender-anti-bihari-displacement-and-dispossession"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-227398b91625cc2721a5",
      "name": "Qin relocates amnestied convicts to Rang",
      "place_and_era": "East Asia; 281 BCE (King Zhaoxiang, year 26); relocation duration unknown",
      "attested": "Qin pardoned convicted people and moved them to Rang.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=qin-rang-convict-placement-281-bce"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-88e1478cab9f550f778e",
      "name": "Qin: amnesty relocations to Yan and Deng",
      "place_and_era": "East Asia; 279 BCE (Zhaoxiang year 28)",
      "attested": "The Shiji records the capture of Yan and Deng and relocation of pardoned people there.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=qin-yan-deng-capture-convict-placement-279-bce"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-207b956ece79acc6f27b",
      "name": "Qin: attack on Chu and convict relocation to Nanyang",
      "place_and_era": "East Asia; 280 BCE; King Zhaoxiang year 27, duration unknown",
      "attested": "Qin pardoned convicted people and moved them to Nanyang.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=qin-nanyang-attack-convict-placement-280-bce"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-abc348ae6203c0343950",
      "name": "Renewed armed conflict and civilian displacement in Kayah (Karenni) State from May 2021",
      "place_and_era": "Southeast Asia; From May 2021; observed February 2022 and 28 March 2025, open end",
      "attested": "UNHCR family accounts describe repeated flight from Kayah into towns, forests and adjacent Shan.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=modern-myanmar-karenni-war-displacement"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-625e3fea189ae5126148",
      "name": "Russian occupation and flight from Åland during the Great Wrath",
      "place_and_era": "Europe; 1713–1723",
      "attested": "An Åland history records destruction by Russian forces and flight to Sweden, followed by later return.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=europe-great-wrath-aland-flight"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-8916abcbe49ad11c2137",
      "name": "Ruzizi Plain intercommunity-violence displacement in South Kivu, 1 December 2023–19 March 2024",
      "place_and_era": "Central Africa; 1 December 2023–19 March 2024 observation window",
      "attested": "The United Nations report links increased violence in the Ruzizi Plain to population displacement.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-ruzizi-plain-intercommunity-displacement-december-2023-march-2024"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-69d7566545de972f14dd",
      "name": "Rwandan genocide, mass flight, and refugee return",
      "place_and_era": "Africa; 1994–1998",
      "attested": "The genocide and RPF victory were followed by a mainly Hutu exodus.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=af-rwanda-genocide-exodus-return"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-1a89ee346f32c634d821",
      "name": "Safavid campaigns and Georgian deportations to Iran",
      "place_and_era": "West Asia; 1614–1616",
      "attested": "Safavid campaigns brought killings, capture and forced removal from Georgia to Iran.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=mena-safavid-georgian-deportations-1614-1616"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-0eb0968da00ef3790770",
      "name": "SAO Krajina/RSK removal of Croats and other non-Serbs",
      "place_and_era": "Europe; 1991–1995 CE",
      "attested": "The ICTY found that armed attacks, threats, detention and deportation removed Croats and other non-Serbs from claimed territory.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-croatia-sao-rsk-non-serb-removal-1991-1995"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-248f16f801c0186c22c0",
      "name": "Sardar Sarovar reservoir displacement",
      "place_and_era": "South & Southeast Asia; 1987–2019; clearance to full-reservoir milestone",
      "attested": "The Sardar Sarovar reservoir displaced communities in three Indian states.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=asia-sardar-sarovar-narmada-displacement"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-b760ad3193f5475a3923",
      "name": "Scandinavian conquest and settlement in the Danelaw",
      "place_and_era": "Europe; 865–954 CE",
      "attested": "Scandinavian armies conquered much of Northumbria, East Anglia and Mercia.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=medieval-danelaw-scandinavian-settlement-england"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-02ad79444a239438bb8d",
      "name": "Scottish Highland and Island Clearances",
      "place_and_era": "Europe; c. 1750–1886",
      "attested": "Landowners evicted tenants, moved some to poorer coastal plots, and gave interior land to sheep farms.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=eu-highland-clearances"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-653fac04d4d6413d5a6e",
      "name": "Second Congo War internal displacement in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, August 1998–June 2003",
      "place_and_era": "Central Africa; 1998–2003 CE",
      "attested": "The OHCHR report describes forced displacement and violence used to seize territory and areas rich in resources.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-second-congo-war-displacement-1998-2003"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-8fdafd4658123921c8eb",
      "name": "Solomon Islands Tensions displacement",
      "place_and_era": "Melanesia; 1 January 1998–23 July 2003",
      "attested": "The Solomon Islands truth commission separates three stages of forced displacement within its mandate.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=modern-solomon-islands-tensions-displacement"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-8384de770227ca895f7a",
      "name": "Somalia state-collapse and inter- and intra-clan conflict displacement, 1991-1995",
      "place_and_era": "Horn of Africa; 1991–1995",
      "attested": "The World Bank describes conflict, threats and forced land seizure that drove people from homes in Somalia.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-somalia-conflict-1991-1995"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-a8d0c66e0bae4cc37150",
      "name": "South Sea Islander recruitment and transport to Queensland",
      "place_and_era": "Pacific & Oceania; 1863–1904",
      "attested": "Pacific Islanders were brought to Queensland to work under labor contracts.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=pacific-queensland-islander-labour-recruitment-1863-1904"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-7a5de12d7ce123b58be5",
      "name": "South Sudan civil war and mass displacement",
      "place_and_era": "Northeastern Africa; 2013–2018",
      "attested": "The report describes attacks on civilians and homes, with repeated flight as the conflict shifted.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=modern-south-sudan-civil-war-displacement"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-c5ab93df5b8384589f12",
      "name": "South Tyrol Option Agreement population transfer",
      "place_and_era": "Central Europe; 1939–1943",
      "attested": "South Tyrol residents faced pressure to leave for the German Reich or remain under policies that suppressed their identity.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=modern-south-tyrol-option"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-fe4e0b22f940e289fccf",
      "name": "Soviet collectivization, sedentarization, and the Kazakh famine",
      "place_and_era": "Central Asia; 1929–1934",
      "attested": "Pianciola links famine to seized grain and collectivization, while local accounts describe forced returns, expulsions and loss of pasture.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=modern-kazakh-famine-sedentarization"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-85a687fc07e2bbd48ede",
      "name": "Soviet deportation and confinement of Volga Germans",
      "place_and_era": "Russia, the Caucasus, and Central Asia; 1941–1955",
      "attested": "Pohl reports forced deportation of Volga Germans to special settlements, followed by confinement and forced labor.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=ca-soviet-volga-german-deportation"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-2303a3f4b82b28bdcf57",
      "name": "Soviet deportation of Koreans from the Far East",
      "place_and_era": "Russia, the Caucasus, and Central Asia; 1937",
      "attested": "The Soviet government ordered Koreans removed from the Far East to Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=ca-soviet-korean-deportation"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-0aad25c2dcbd9838e78d",
      "name": "Soviet deportation of Meskhetian Turks and other Muslim communities from Georgia",
      "place_and_era": "Russia, the Caucasus, and Central Asia; 1944",
      "attested": "Soviet security agencies removed Muslim communities from the border region of Georgia to Central Asia.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=ca-soviet-meskhetian-turk-deportation"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-90dc03403f897e3d0621",
      "name": "Soviet deportation of the Kalmyks",
      "place_and_era": "Russia, the Caucasus, and Central Asia; 1943–1957",
      "attested": "Soviet decrees abolished the Kalmyk ASSR and began collective deportation.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=ca-soviet-kalmyk-deportation"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-74e9d602cbbe9b7710d7",
      "name": "Soviet deportations from Moldova",
      "place_and_era": "Eastern Europe and Soviet interior; June 1941; July 1949; 1 April 1951",
      "attested": "The museum names three waves of forced removal across Moldova.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=modern-moldova-soviet-deportations"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-37fc52dcc09b89c99002",
      "name": "Sutrium colonial transition",
      "place_and_era": "Europe; c. 383 BCE (competing earlier colony label)",
      "attested": "Chiabà describes the Sutrium colony as founded on land previously taken from Falerii.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-gr-roman-sutrium-colonial-transition-circa-383"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-b78c7587d576822aa92d",
      "name": "São Tomé and Príncipe: plantation settlement and enslaved labor",
      "place_and_era": "Africa; 1493–1876 (settlement to emancipation transition)",
      "attested": "Africans brought to São Tomé and Príncipe were enslaved in homes, farms and sugar plantations.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=af-sao-tome-plantation-slavery"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-8201013a731202c08e27",
      "name": "Three Brotherhood Alliance offensive and civilian displacement in northern Shan from 26 October 2023",
      "place_and_era": "Southeast Asia; From 26 October 2023; January 2024 ceasefire marker; observed through 28 March 2025, open end",
      "attested": "OCHA links armed conflict, artillery fire and airstrikes to damaged homes and displacement across northern Shan.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=modern-myanmar-northern-shan-three-brotherhood-offensive-displacement-from-2023"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-52f1df5493865523bfd7",
      "name": "Three Gorges Dam compulsory resettlement",
      "place_and_era": "East Asia; 1994–2012",
      "attested": "The Three Gorges Project forced residents to move from areas affected by its reservoir and works.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=modern-three-gorges-resettlement"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-0d6d6053e2ce86956025",
      "name": "Uganda’s expulsion of residents of South Asian origin",
      "place_and_era": "Africa; 1972; August order and November departure deadline",
      "attested": "Idi Amin ordered foreign residents of South Asian origin to leave Uganda.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=af-uganda-asian-expulsion"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-6d0901bfe6a7c4c0ca3b",
      "name": "Vietnamese boat flight and first asylum",
      "place_and_era": "East & Southeast Asia; 1975–1992; mass maritime flight",
      "attested": "After the fall of Saigon, Vietnamese people fled by boat to seek refuge.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=prospective-indochina-vietnam-boat-exodus"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-00af1619e81384b23d5d",
      "name": "Waikato invasions of Taranaki and forced southward movement, 1826–1834",
      "place_and_era": "Aotearoa New Zealand; 1826–1834 CE",
      "attested": "Te Ara states that the Waikato invasion forced tribal groups south from Taranaki.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=new-zealand-waikato-taranaki-musket-wars"
    },
    {
      "id": "atlas-6aca0b3e3e96445e1d7e",
      "name": "Yaqui dispossession and deportation to Yucatán",
      "place_and_era": "Latin America; c. 1900–1910 CE",
      "attested": "Mexican authorities took Yaqui land and sent captives from Sonora to estates in Yucatán.",
      "unknown": "This case has no placed locations or movement lines on the map.",
      "next_step": "Review the source locations before the atlas draws this case.",
      "sources": [],
      "case_url": "../../#case=am-mexico-yaqui-war-deportation"
    }
  ],
  "updated_on": "2026-11-02",
  "update_scope": "Nine new notes and three changes"
}