Kazakh flight and land loss, 1929–1934

The atlas adds a case on flight, forced returns and land loss in Kazakhstan from 1929 to 1934. State plans sought settled life, but many plans failed. The account keeps those plans separate from forced returns, local expulsions and pasture loss.

Pianciola argues that famine caused dependence and some settlement. He rejects violent settlement as the usual cause of the famine. He estimates that one-third of Kazakhs died in 1930–1933. The drop in the republic's Kazakh population also includes migration. These measures are separate. The sources do not give one total for people forced to move.

All eight trait values remain from the fixed model. Each has a source qualification. Filled cells show coding completion, not source confidence. The active statistical roster still has 676 events. The atlas has 539 cases and 551 stops.

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• Niccolò Pianciola, Famine in the steppe (2004), pp. 137–138, 147, 154–156, 163–165, 170–181 and 186. Failed plans, flight, forced return, local expulsion, pasture loss and continued returns.
• Niccolò Pianciola, Ukraine and Kazakhstan: Comparing the Famines (2018), pp. 441–442. Famine and partial settlement; attributed one-third mortality, separate death-plus-migration decline.